Abstract
Hierarchical nanostructure-based photocatalysis has received great attention in the recent years owing to its high efficiency in treating energy- and environmental-related issues. In order to develop the best photocatalysts, different metal oxide semiconductors have been utilized to examine suitable hierarchical structures. This chapter comprises the basic concepts of hierarchical nanostructures, fabrication strategies and significant applications related to energy and environmental fields. Particularly, this chapter portrays the novel synthesis techniques such as precipitation synthesis, hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, microwave treatment and metal-organic framework-directed synthesis approach for the preparation of metal oxide-based hierarchical nanostructures. Finally, some key applications like photocatalytic water remediation, photocatalytic hydrogen fuel production and photocatalytic carbon dioxide are summarized.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Li, X., Wen, J., Low, J., Fang, Y., & Yu, J. (2014). Science China Materials, 57, 70–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-014-0003-1.
Li, X., Yu, J., Low, J., Fang, Y., Xiao, J., & Chen, X. (2015). Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3, 2485–2534. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA04461D.
Bard, & Fox, M. (1995). Accounts of Chemical Research, 28, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00051a007.
Hoffmann, M., Martin, S., Choi, W., & Bahnemann, D. (1995). Chemical Reviews, 95, 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004.
Kudo, & Miseki, Y. (2009). Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1039/B800489G.
R. Ajay Rakkesh, D. Durgalakshmi & S. Balakumar (2017) John Wiley and Scrivener Publishing, USA (ISBN: 978-1-119-16034-2).
R. Ajay Rakkesh, D. Durgalakshmi & S. Balakumar (2017) Springer-Nature, USA (ISBN: 978-3-319-62446-4).
Chen, X., Shen, S., Guo, L., & Mao, S. S. (2010). Chemical Reviews, 110, 6503–6570. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr1001645.
Lang, X., Chen, X., & Zhao, J. (2014). Chemical Society Reviews, 43, 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60188A.
Fujishima, A., & Honda, K. (1972). Nature, 238, 37–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a0.
Rajeshwar, K. (2007). Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 37, 765–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-007-9333-1.
Maeda, K. (2011). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C, 12, 237–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.07.001.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., Karthe, P., & Balakumar, S. (2020). Materials Chemistry and Physics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122720.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., Karthe, P., & Balakumar, S. (2019). Journal of Processing and Application of Ceramics, 13, 376–386. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAC1904376A.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., & Balakumar, S. (2018). ChemistrySelect, 3, 7302–7309. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201800987.
Hisatomi, T., Kubota, J., & Domen, K. (2014). Chemical Society Reviews, 43, 7520–7535. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60378D.
Moriya, Y., Takata, T., & Domen, K. (2013). Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 257, 1957–1969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.021.
Pelaez, M., Nolan, N. T., Pillai, S. C., Seery, M. K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A. G., Dunlop, P. S. M., Hamilton, J. W. J., Byrne, J. A., O’Shea, K., Entezari, M. H., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2012). Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125, 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036.
Di Paola, E., Garcia-Lopez, G., Marci, G., & Palmisano, L. (2012). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 211, 3–292.
Martha, S., Sahoo, P. C., & Parida, K. M. (2015). RSC Advances, 5, 61535–61553. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA11682A.
Rani, R., Reddy, U., Sharma, P., Mukerjee, P., Mishra, A. K., & Sim, L. C. (2018). Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 8, 255–291.
Li, H., Zhou, Y., Tu, W., Ye, J., & Zou, Z. (2015). Advanced Functional Materials, 25, 998–1013. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201401636.
Li, H., Tu, W., Zhou, Y., & Zou, Z. (2016). Advancement of Science, 3, 1500389.
Ohtani, B. (2010). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews, 11, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.02.001.
Pallavi, N., & Shivaraju, H. P. (2017). International Journal of Nanotechnology, 14, 762–774. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNT.2017.086762.
Lewis, N. S., & Nocera, D. G. (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 15729. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603395103.
Walter, M. G., Warren, E. L., McKone, J. R., Boettcher, S. W., Mi, Q., Santori, E. A., & Lewis, N. S. (2010). Chemical Reviews, 110, 6446. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr1002326.
Gasteiger, H. A., Kocha, S. S., Sompalli, B., & Wagner, F. T. (2005). Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 56, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021.
Gasteiger, H. A., & Marković, N. M. (2009). Science, 324, 48. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172083.
Osterloh, F. E. (2013). Chemical Society Reviews, 42, 2294. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35266D.
Wang, Z. L. (2004). Materials Today, 7, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00286-X.
Xu, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2011). Nano Research, 4, 1013–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-011-0160-7.
Burke-Govey, C. P., & Plank, N. O. V. (2013). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, 31, 06F101. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4821801.
Sun, H., Yu, Y., Luo, J., Ahmad, M., & Zhu, J. (2012). CrystEngComm, 14, 8626–8632. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ce26157j.
Alenezi, M. R., Henley, S. J., Emerson, N. G., & Silva, S. R. (2014). Nanoscale, 6, 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR04519F.
Liu, X., Zhao, J., Cao, Y., Li, W., Sun, Y., Lu, J., Men, Y., & Hu, J. (2015). RSC Advances, 5, 47506–47510. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA05231A.
Ma, Y., Bian, Y., Liu, Y., Zhu, A., Wu, H., Cui, H., Chu, D., & Pan, J. (2018). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 2552–2562.
Ray, C., & Pal, T. (2017). Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, 9465–9487; Li, J., Zhang, M., Li, X., Li, Q., & Yang (2017). Journal of Applied Catalysis B, 212, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA02116J.
Zou, X., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Chemical Society Reviews, 44, 5148–5180. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00448E.
Zhang, H., Lv, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Li, J. (2010). ACS Nano, 4, 380–386.
Alivisatos, P. (1996). Science, 271, 933–937.
Hu, X., Yu, J. C., Gong, J., & Li, Q. (2007). Crystal Growth & Design, 7, 2444–2448. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg060767o.
Ho, W., Yu, J. C., & Lee, S. (2006). Chemical Communications, 1115–1117. https://doi.org/10.1039/b515513d.
Sing, K., Everett, D., Haul, R., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R., Rouquerol, J., & Siemieniewska, T. (1985). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57, 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603.
Rolison, D. R. (2003). Science, 299, 1698–1701. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082332.
Zhou, W., & Fu, H. (2013). ChemCatChem, 5, 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200519.
Li, G., Zhang, D., & Yu, J. C. (2008). Chemistry of Materials, 20, 3983–3992. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm800236z.
Du, J., Lai, X., Yang, N., Zhai, J., Kisailus, D., Su, F., Wang, D., & Jiang, L. (2011). ACS Nano, 5, 590–596.
X. C. Wang, J. C. Yu, C. M. Ho, Y. D. Hou & X. Z. Fu, Langmuir, 2005, 21, 2552–2559, DOI: 10.1021/la047979c.
Xi, G. C., & Ye, J. H. (2010). Chemistry: A European Journal, 16, 8719–8725. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200903380.
Yu, J., Su, Y., & Cheng, B. (2007). Advanced Functional Materials, 17, 1984–1990. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600933.
Yuan, Z. Y., Ren, T. Z., & Su, B. L. (2003). Advanced Materials, 15, 1462–1465. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200305075.
Cheng, C., & Fan, H. J. (2012). Nano Today, 7, 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2012.06.002.
Liu, S., Yang, M.-Q., Tang, Z.-R., & Xu, Y.-J. (2014). Nanoscale, 6, 7193–7198. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr01227e.
Xiao, F.-X., Hung, S.-F., Tao, H. B., Miao, J., Yang, H. B., & Liu, B. (2014). Nanoscale, 6, 14950–14961. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04886E.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., & Balakumar, S. (2016). RSC Advances, 6, 34342–34349. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA01784C.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., & Balakumar, S. (2015). RSC Advances, 5, 18633–18641. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA00180C.
Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Yan, Z., & Huo, Z. (2014). Nanoscale, 6, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR04280D.
Jiao, Y., Liu, Y., Qu, F., & Wu, X. (2014). CrystEngComm, 16, 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CE41994K.
Xiang, Q., Yu, J., & Jaroniec, M. (2011). Chemical Communications, 47, 4532–4534. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc10501a.
Athauda, T. J., Neff, J. G., Sutherlin, L., Butt, U., & Ozer, R. R. (2012). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 4, 6916–6925.
Han, C., Chen, Z., Zhang, N., Colmenares, J. C., & Xu, Y.-J. (2015). Advanced Functional Materials, 25, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201402443.
D. Chatterjee & S. Dasgupta, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C, 2005, 6, 186–205, DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.09.001.
Xu, D., Cheng, B., Cao, S., & Yu, J. (2015). Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 164, 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.051.
Liu, Y., Wang, R., Yang, Z., Du, H., Jiang, Y., Shen, C., Liang, K., & Xu, A. (2015). Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 36, 2135–2144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)60985-8.
Xiong, T., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., & Dong, F. (2015). Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 36, 2155–2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)60980-9.
Yu, C., Bai, Y., He, H., Fan, W., Zhu, L., & Zhou, W. (2015). Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 36, 2178–2185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61009-9.
Wang, X., Yu, R., Wang, K., Yang, G., & Yu, H. (2015). Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 36, 2211–2218.
Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Yang, X., Zhou, Y., Yao, Y., & Li, C. (2014). Nanoscale, 6, 5971–5979. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR00975D.
Ai, Z. H., Zhang, L. Z., Lee, S. C., & Ho, W. K. (2009). Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 20896–20902. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9083647.
Ma, B., Guo, J., Dai, W.-L., & Fan, K. (2012). Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 123, 193–199.
Shen, Z., Chen, G., Wang, Q., Yu, Y., Zhou, C., & Wang, Y. (2012). Nanoscale, 4, 2010–2017. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr12045c.
Sun, M., Yan, Q., Yan, T., Li, M., Wei, D., Wang, Z., Wei, Q., & Du, B. (2014). RSC Advances, 4, 31019–31027. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA03843F.
Xing, C., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Jiang, D., & Chen, M. (2014). Dalton Transactions, 43, 2772–2780. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52875H.
Dong, F., Sun, Y., Fu, M., Wu, Z., & Lee, S. C. (2012). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 219, 26–34.
Guzman, S. S., Jayan, B. R., de la Rosa, E., Castro, A. T., Gonalez, V. G., & Yacaman, M. J. (2009). Materials Chemistry and Physics, 115, 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.11.030.
Zhu, L., Li, Y., & Zeng, W. (2017). Applied Surface Science, 427, 281–287.
Xiao, B., Zhao, Q., Xiao, C., Yang, T., Wang, P., Wang, F., Chen, X., & Zhang, M. (2015). CrystEngComm. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CE00870K.
Zhu, P., Zhang, J., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2008). Crystal Growth and Design, 8, 3148–3153. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg0704504.
Zhang, S. L., Guan, B. Y., Wu, H. B., & Lou, X. W. D. (2018). Nano-Micro Letters, 10, 44.
Liu, J., Li, J., Wei, F., Zhao, X., Su, Y., & Han, X. (2019). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7, 11258–11266. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00610.
Zhang, M., Shao, C., Guo, Z., Zhang, Z., Mu, J., Cao, T., & Liu, Y. (2011). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3, 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1021/am100989a.
Wang, S., Guan, B. Y., & Wen, X. (2018). Journal of the American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b02200.
Jung, H., Cho, K. M., Kim, K. H., Yoo, H. W., Saggaf, A. A., Gereige, I., & Jung, H. T. (2018). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00002.
K. S. Ranjith, D. R. Kumar, Y. S. Huh, Y. K. Han, T. Uyar & R. T. R. Kumar (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b09666.
Li, G., Huang, J., Xue, C., Chen, J., Deng, Z., Huang, Q., Liu, Z., Gong, C., Guo, W., & Cao, R. (2019). Crystal Growth & Design. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00495.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., & Balakumar, S. (2015). Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 15, 4316–4324. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.9723.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., & Balakumar, S. (2015). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1665, 050036.
Ajay Rakkesh, R., Durgalakshmi, D., & Balakumar, S. (2014). Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2, 6827–6834. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC01195C.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rakkesh, R.A., Dhinasekaran, D., Shankar, M.V., Balakumar, S. (2021). Hierarchical Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Applications. In: Balakumar, S., Keller, V., Shankar, M. (eds) Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72076-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72076-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72075-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72076-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)