Abstract
This volume was intended as a forum for exploring ideas related to state intervention and crisis management in present-day semi-peripheral regions from Latin America through Africa and South Asia. The virtue of this volume is that it provides insights both from theoretical and practical perspectives on the potential contours of a post-crisis developmental state model with the possibilities and constraints that states face in their crisis management efforts. Thus, the volume encompasses the experiences of both developing peripheral and more advanced countries, and frames them as part of an overall structural comparison, which we hope will benefit researchers, students, and policy-makers who are interested in the developmental state model in a global and historical perspective focusing on the post-crisis era in the twenty-first century.
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Notes
- 1.
The predecessor of WTO, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade worked using negotiation rounds around specific topics. Though, the WTO holds every other year ministerial conferences, talks still organized around negotiation rounds. The latest, still unfinished, round has started in 2001 at the Doha Ministerial Conference, and the main agenda of it initially was to help developing countries.
- 2.
WTO+ (plus), and WTO X (extra) issues are trade related policies, regulations. Though WTO+ issues are regulated in the WTO, but bilateral and regional trade agreements achieved much more results (i.e. trade in services). WTO X issues are not within the mandate of the organization, but are regulated by other trade agreements (i.e. labor standards) (see i.e. Horn et al. 2009).
- 3.
The most notable example would be the problem of unclear boundaries between the public and private sector, where state support and subsidies are not clearly visible for outside observers.
- 4.
Or state-permeated market economies, to apply the term of Nölke et al. (2019).
- 5.
- 6.
For a detailed list of authors, see (Ianchovichina and Walmsley 2003: 3).
- 7.
The Appellate Body (AB) is a group of elected judges, who (in case of an appeal) make the final decision on a trade dispute among WTO members. In the last couple of years, the US has blocked the election of new members of the Appellate Body, and because of this, the number of AB members fell below the required minimum in December, 2019. That means, currently all Dispute Settlement cases with an appeal are halted.
- 8.
This is not unique, in case of a similar comparison on monetary relations see Eichengreen (2011).
- 9.
According the WTO website “there are three types of adverse effects. First, there is injury to a domestic industry caused by subsidized imports in the territory of the complaining Member. This is the sole basis for countervailing action. Second, there is serious prejudice. Serious prejudice usually arises as a result of adverse effects (e.g., export displacement) in the market of the subsidizing Member or in a third country market. Thus, unlike injury, it can serve as the basis for a complaint related to harm to a Member’s export interests. Finally, there is nullification or impairment of benefits accruing under the GATT 1994.” (WTO website on the SCM Agreement).
- 10.
Dumping is defined as a situation if a company sets a lower export price in a foreign market, than in the home market (Hoekman and Kostecki 2001).
- 11.
In case of AD and CVD specific product coming from specific countries are targeted. But there are other examples of safeguards, where only production sectors are protected against import, regardless the import’s country of origin. For our purpose, these are useless, as our goal is to measure countries non-compliance.
- 12.
In the WTO there are various safety valves allowing countries to temporarily not complying with the agreed rules. One of them is the “national security argument”. In case of this, exemptions are based on the claim, that trade hurts a member’s national security.
- 13.
These policy measures can be implemented unilaterally, and can be challenged by the target country in front of the DSM.
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Vigvári, G. (2021). State-Led Development in the Global Trading System—A Real Threat to Stability?. In: Gerőcs, T., Ricz, J. (eds) The Post-Crisis Developmental State . International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71987-6_12
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