Skip to main content
Book cover

Europe's Early Fieldscapes pp 143–165Cite as

Tracing the Remains of a Late Bronze Age Field System in Central Mainland Greece

  • 120 Accesses

Part of the Themes in Contemporary Archaeology book series (TCA)

Abstract

The assumption that the Late Bronze Age (‘Late Helladic’ or LH) texts in the Linear B script, used on Crete and mainland Greece and dating to about 1390 to 1190 BC, can be used in conjunction with ethno-archaeological data to model the topography of economic transactions was recently investigated with fieldwork in central Greece. Previously calculated parameters of the dimensions and organisation of land plots recorded in the Linear B archives informed a methodology for discovering a comparable system of fields under suitable conditions in the Aegean. The AROURA project, that formed the basis for this article, identified the Kopaic Basin in northern Boiotia as a suitable study region. Since the end of the last ice age, it has contained a shallow lake with seasonally fluctuating wetland margins, except in the modern era, when it was thoroughly drained, and LH, when it was partially drained, and dykes protected polders of dry land from floods. One of these polders encloses the colossal fortress of Glas, whose storehouses contained thousands of metric tonnes of wheat, indicating extensive cultivation nearby. The polder also displays expansive traces of a premodern landscape beneath the present plough soil. AROURA executed a program of magnetometry, ground-truthed with soil profiling, over 60 ha of land selected from inside the polder around Glas. This fieldwork revealed evidence of canals connected to rivers that were diverted during the LH. The canals appear to feed a network of irrigated fields, particularly to the west of Glas near the polder’s dyke. These plots are evidently demarcated by low levees made of lake sediment and parallel ditches. Their size and configuration conform to the topographical model, and radiocarbon and luminescence dates corroborate their already circumstantially probable attribution to the LH. These discoveries raise new questions concerning the process of agricultural intensification and state formation in LH Greece, particularly concerning the origin and history of relevant hydraulic technologies.

Keywords

  • Bronze Age
  • Mycenaean
  • Hydraulic engineering
  • Agriculture
  • Agricultural strategy
  • Socio-economic complexity

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71652-3_11
  • Chapter length: 23 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-030-71652-3
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Hardcover Book
USD   149.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 11.1
Fig. 11.2
Fig. 11.3
Fig. 11.4
Fig. 11.5
Fig. 11.6
Fig. 11.7
Fig. 11.8
Fig. 11.9
Fig. 11.10
Fig. 11.11
Fig. 11.12
Fig. 11.13
Fig. 11.14
Fig. 11.15
Fig. 11.16
Fig. 11.17
Fig. 11.18

References

  • Angelakis, A. N., Savvakis, Y. M., & Charalampakis, G. (2007). Aqueducts during the Minoan era. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 7(1), 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aravantinos, V. L., Kountouri, E., & Fappas, Y. (2006). Το μυκηναϊκό αποστραγγιστικό σύστημα της Κωπαΐδας: νέα δεδομένα και πρώτες εκτιμήσεις. In Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία: 2ο Διεθνές Συνέδριο/Ancient Greek Technology: 2nd International Conference (pp. 557–564). Athens: Τεχνική Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδας.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aravantinos, V. L., & Lane, M. F. (2010). Συνεργασία της ΑΣΚΣΑ με τη Θ′ ΕΠΚΑ για Γεωφυσική Έρευνα σε Τμήμα της Κωπαῒδας (Πρόγραμμα AROURA). Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Μέρος Β′ 2 Χρονικά, 65, 995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronis, G. (1963). Notes for a field study tour of karst groundwater investigation of areas of Greece, 21–25 March 1963. Athens: U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, A., Gaffney, C., & Schmidt, A. (2008). Magnetometry for archaeologists. Landham: Altamira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhuizen, S. C. (1994). Thebes and Boeotia in the fourth century B.C. Phoenix, 48(4), 307–330.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, P. P. (2007). Introduction to Aegean art. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, P. P., & McCoy, F. W. (2012). Dams and water management systems of Minoan Pseira. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, A., Conolly, J., Colledge, S., Frederick, C., Palmer, C., Siddall, R., & Stellatou, A. (2013). The long-term ecology of agricultural terraces and enclosed fields from Antikythera, Greece. Human Ecology, 41, 255–272.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bintliff, J. L. (2010). The middle Bronze Age through the surface survey record of the Greek mainland: Demographic and sociopolitical insights. In A. Philippa-Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voustaki, & J. C. Wright (Eds.), Mesohelladika: The Greek mainland in the middle Bronze Age (pp. 755–763). École Française d’Athènes: Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bintliff, J. L., Howard, P., Snodgrass, A. M., & Dickinson, O. T. P. K. (2007). Testing the hinterland: The work of the Boeotia survey (1989–1991) in the southern approaches to the city of Thespiai. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bintliff, J. L., Farinetti, E., Howard, P., Sarri, K., & Sbonias, K. (2002). Classical farms, hidden prehistoric landscapes and Greek rural survey: A response and an update. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 15(2), 259–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisson de la Roque, F. (1953). Le Trésor de Tôd. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boatwright, M. T. (2000). Hadrian and the cities of the Roman empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • du Boulay, J. (1974). Portrait of a Greek mountain village. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryce, T. (2002). Life and society in the Hittite world. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryce, T. (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. New York: Oxford University Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Reclamation Staff. (1993). Drainage manual: A water resources technical publication. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burford, A. (1993). Land and labor in the ancient Greek world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callender, G. (2000). The Middle Kingdom renaissance (c. 2055–1650 BC). In I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford history of ancient Egypt (pp. 137–171). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, J. (1966). The olive oil tablets of Knossos. In J. Chadwick & L. R. Palmer (Eds.), Proceedings of the Cambridge colloquium on Mycenaean studies (pp. 26–32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çınaroğlu, A., & Çelik, D. (2010). Atatürk & Alacahöyük. Ankara: Ekici Form Ofset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasios, P. Dh. (2010). Η «στράτα» των νομάδων Σαρακατσαναίων Αγραφιωτών και το πολιτισμικό ίχνος της. PhD dissertation, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, A. R. (1986). The pyramid builders of ancient Egypt: A modern investigation of pharaoh’s workforce. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Ridder, A. (1894). Arné? Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 18(1), 446–452.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, A. J. (1937). The Lake Copais, Boeotia, Greece: Its drainage and development. Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 5(5), 287–304.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Durand-Claye, M. A. (1888). Rapport sur le desséchement du lac Copaïs Grèce. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkul, E., Hüser, A., Stümpel, H., & Wunderlich, T. (2007). Combined geophysical survey of an ancient Hittite dam: New and old high-tech. In A. Posluschny, K. Lambers, & I. Herzog (Eds.), Layers of Perception. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA), Berlin, 2.–6. April 2007 (pp. 1–5). Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farinetti, E. (2011). Boeotian landscapes: A GIS-based study for the reconstruction and interpretation of the archaeological datasets of ancient Boeotia. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Flinders Petrie, W. M. (1890). Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, J. M. (1986). The ancient topography of Eastern Phokis. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, J. M. (1988). Topography and population of ancient Boiotia. Chicago: Ares Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galaty, M. L., & Parkinson, W. A. (2007). Introduction: Mycenaean palaces rethought. In M. L. Galaty & W. A. Parkinson (Eds.), Rethinking Mycenaean palaces II: Revised and expanded second edition (pp. 1–17). Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorokhovich, Y., Mays, L., & Lee, L. (2011). A survey of ancient Minoan water technologies. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 11, 388–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, S. J., Street-Perrott, F. A., Holmes, J. A., Leng, M. J., & Tzedakis, C. (2002). Chemical and isotopic composition of modern water bodies in the Lake Kopais Basin, Central Greece: Analogues for the interpretation of the lacustrine sedimentary sequence. Sedimentary Geology, 148, 79–103.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, P. (1992). Agriculture in the Bronze Age Aegean: Towards a model of palatial economy. In B. Wells (Ed.), Agriculture in Ancient Greece (pp. 105–117). Svenska Institutet i Athen: Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, P. (1995). From sharing to hoarding: The Neolithic foundations of Aegean Bronze Age society? In R. Laffineur & W.-D. Niemeier (Eds.), Politeia: Society and state in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th international Aegean conference, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10–13 April 1994 (pp. 11–20). Liège: Université de Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, P. (2014). Two oxen ahead: Pre-mechanized farming in the Mediterranean. Malden: Wiley/Blackwell.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, P., & O’Shea, J. (1982). A friend in need is a friend indeed. In C. Renfrew & S. Shennan (Eds.), Ranking, resource and exchange: Aspects of the archaeology of early European society (pp. 92–99). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, M. D., & Higgins, R. (1996). A geological companion to Greece and the Aegean. London: Duckworth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iakovidis, S. E. (1992). The Mycenaean Fortress of Gla. In J. T. Killen & J.-P. Olivier (Eds.), Mykenaïka: Actes du IXe Colloque international sur les textes mycéniens et égéens organisé par le Centre de l’antiquité grecque et romaine de la Fondation hellènique des recherches scientifiques et l’École française d’Athènes (pp. 365–380). Paris: l’École française d’Athènes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iakovidis, S. E. (1998). Γλας ΙΙ: Η Ανασκαφή, 1981–1991. Athens: Εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iakovidis, S. E. (2001). Gla and the Kopais in the 13th Century B.C. Athens: Εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. (1995). Charred grain from the Late Bronze Age fortress of Gla, Boiotia. Annual of the British School at Athens, 90, 235–238.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kalcyk, H. (1984). Die Kopais in historischen and archäologischen Quellen. In J. Knauss, B. Heinrich, & H. Kalcyk (Eds.), Wasserbauten der Minyer in der Kopais: die älteste Flußregulierung Europas (pp. 13–70). Munich/Obernach: Technische Universität München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kambanis, M. L. (1892–1893). Le dessèchement du lac Copais par les anciens. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 16–17(121–37), 322–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaniewski, D., Guiot, J., & Van Campo, E. (2015). Drought and societal collapse 3200 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean: A review. WIREs Climate Change, 6(4), 369–382.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kaniewski, D., Van Campo, E., Guiot, J., Le Burel, S., Otto, T., & Baeteman, C. (2013). Environmental roots of the Late Bronze Age crisis. PLoS One, 8(8), e71004.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, B. J. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a civilization. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiel, M. (1997). The rise and decline of Turkish Boeotia, 15th–19th century. In J. L. Bintliff (Ed.), Recent developments in the history and archaeology of Central Greece: Proceedings of the 6th international Boeotian conference (pp. 315–358). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killen, J. T. (1999). Mycenaean o-pa. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy, O. Panagle, & S. Hiller (Eds.), Floreant Studia Mycenaea: Akten des X. internazionalen mykenologischen Colloquiums in Salzburg vom 1.–5 Mai 1995 (pp. 325–341). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killen, J. T. (2001). Some thoughts on ta-ra-si-ja. In S. Voustaki & J. T. Killen (Eds.), Economy and politics in the Mycenaean palace states: Proceedings of a conference held on 1–3 July 1999 in the Faculty of Classics, Cambridge (pp. 161–180). Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, A. B., & Manning, S. W. (2016). Crisis in context: The end of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. American Journal of Archaeology, 120(1), 99–149.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Knauss, J. (1984). Systemanalyse der antiken Wasserbauten. In J. Knauss, B. Heinrich, & H. Kalcyk (Eds.), Die Wasserbauten der Minyer in der Kopais: die älteste Flußregulierung Europas (pp. 167–242). Munich/Obernach: Technische Universität München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauss, J. (1987). Die Melioration des Kopaisbeckens durch die Minyer im 2. Jt. v. Chr. Munich: Technische Universität München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauss, J. (1990). Wasserbau und Geschichte: Minysche Epoche–Bayerische Zeit. Munich: Technische Universität München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knauss, J. (1991). Arkadian and Boiotian Orchomenos, Centres of Mycenaean hydraulic engineering. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 5, 363–381.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Knauss, J. (2001). Späthelladisch Wasserbautern: Erkundungen zu wasserwirtschaftlichen Infrastrukturen der mykenischen Welt. Munich: Technische Universität München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kountouri, E., Petrochilos, N., Koutsoyiannis, D., Mamassis, N., Zarkadoulas, A., Vött, A., Hadler, H. & Willerhäuser, T. (2012). A new project of surface survey, geophysical and excavation research of the Mycenaean drainage works of the North Kopais: The first study season. In: Editorial Staff, IWA Specialized Conference on Water and Wastewater, 22–24 March 2012 (pp. 467–476). London: IWA Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krahtopoulou, A., & Frederick, C. (2008). Landscapes: Polycyclic terracing from Kythera Island, Greece. Geoarchaeology, 23(4), 550–585.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F. (2009). From da-mo to δῆμος: Survival of a Mycenaean land allocation tradition in the classical era? In C. Bachhuber & G. Roberts (Eds.), Forces of transformation: The end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (pp. 109–116). Oxford: British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F. (2010). Πρόγραμμα AROURA. Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Μέρος Β′ 2 Χρονικά, 65, 996–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F. (2012). Landholding at Pa-ki-ja-na: Toward spatial modeling of Mycenaean agricultural estates. Pasiphae, 6, 59–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F. (2016). Four probable terms in Mycenaean Greek pertaining to water management, some possible references, and broader implications. Kadmos, 55(1/2), 83–129.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F., & Aravantinos, V. L. (2012). Archaeological reconnaissance of unexplored remains of agriculture (AROURA): Interim report, 2010–2011 campaigns. Teiresias, 42(1), 2–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, M. F., Horsley, T. J., Charami, A., & Bittner, W. S. (2016). Archaeological geophysics of a Bronze Age agricultural landscape: The AROURA project, central mainland Greece. Journal of Field Archaeology, 41(3), 271–296.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lauffer, S. (1974). Orchomenos. Realencyklopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, RE Supplementum (p. 14). Stuttgart: Metzler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauffer, S. (1979). Topographische Untersuchungen. Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Μέρος Β′ 2 Χρονικά, 29(1973–1974), 449–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loader, N. C. (1998). Building in cyclopean masonry: With special reference to the Mycenaean fortifications on mainland Greece. Jonsered: P. Åström.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacQueen, J. G. (1975). The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia minor. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamassis, N., Moutsakas, S., & Zarkadoulas, N. (2016). The operation of ancient reclamation works at Lake Copais in Greece. Water History, 7(3), 271–287.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, S. W., Ramsey, C. B., Kutschera, W., Higham, T., Kromer, B., Steiner, P., & Wild, E. M. (2006). Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700–1400 B.C. Science, 312, 565–569.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Melena, J. L. (1983). Further thoughts on Mycenaean o-pa. In A. Heubeck & G. Neumann (Eds.), Res Mycenaeae: Akten des VII. Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Nürburg vom 6–10 April 1981 (pp. 258–286). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, J. (2005). Drought and the decline of Mycenae, updated. In A. Dakouri-Hild & S. Sherratt (Eds.), Autochthon: Papers presented to O.T.P.K. Dickinson on the occasion of his retirement (pp. 126–133). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordquist, G. C. (1990). Middle Helladic burial rites: Some speculations. In R. Hägg & G. C. Norquist (Eds.), Celebrations of death and divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid. Proceedings of the sixth international symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 11–13 June 1988 (pp. 35–41). Svenska Institutet i Athen: Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nosch, M.-L. B. (2006). More thoughts on the Mycenaean ta-ra-si-ja system. In M. Perna (Ed.), Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern archives: Proceedings of a conference held at Sopraintendenza Archivistica per la Campania, Naples, 21–23 October 2004 (pp. 161–182). Paris: De Boccard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nossov, K. S. (2008). Hittite fortifications. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, J. H. (1989). Greek constitutions of early Roman emperors from inscriptions and papyri. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, L. R. (1963). Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, R. (1989). Subsistence rations and Pylos and Knossos. Minos, 24, 89–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos, A. (1997). The socio-economic effects of the drainage of Lake Copais. In J. L. Bintliff (Ed.), Recent developments in the history and archaeology of Central Greece: Proceedings of the 6th international Boeotian conference (pp. 365–377). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavúk, P. (2010). Minyan or not? The second millennium Grey Ware in Western Anatolia and its relation to mainland Greece. In A. Philippa-Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voustaki, & J. C. Wright (Eds.), Mesohelladika: The Greek mainland in the Middle Bronze Age (pp. 931–943). École française d’Athènes: Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettegrew, D. K. (2001). Chasing the classical farmstead: Assessing the formation and signature of rural settlements in Greek landscape archaeology. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 14(2), 189–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippson, A. (1894). Der Kopais-See in Griechenland und seine Umbegung. Zeitschrift für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 29, 1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psychoghios, D. K. (1995). Προίκες, φόροι, σταφίδες και ψωμί: οικονομία και οιογένεια στην αγροτική Ελλάδα του 19ου αιώνα. Athens: Εθνικό Κέντρο Κοινωνικών Ερευνών.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirke, S. (2005). Lahun: A town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the history of its landscape. London: Golden House Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohling, E., Hayes, A., Mayewski, P. A., & Kucera, M. (2009). Holocene climate variability in the eastern Mediterranean, and the end of the Late Bronze Age. In C. Bachhuber & G. Roberts (Eds.), Forces of transformation: The end of the Late Bronze Age in the Mediterranean (pp. 2–5). Oxford: British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagona, A., & Zimansky, P. (2009). Ancient Turkey. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salavoura, E. (2015). Μυκηναϊκή Αρκαδία: Αρχαιολογική και Τοπογραφική Θεώρηση. Athens: ΗΟΡΟΣ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarri, K. (2010). Orchomenos IV: Orchomenos in der mittleren Bronzezeit. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften/Verlag C.H. Beck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soil Survey Division Staff. (1993). Soil survey manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelmerdine, C. W. (2008). Background: Sources and methods. In C. W. Shelmerdine (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the Aegean Bronze Age (pp. 1–18). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stussi, N. (2011). Pléiades Constellation: Capability overview. Presentation at the 2011 JACIE conference, Boulder, CO. https://calval.cr.usgs.gov/JACIE_files/JACIE11/Presentations/WedPM/235_Stussi_JACIE_11.135.pdf

  • Threpsiadis, I. (1965). Ανασκαφή Άρνης (Γκλα) Κωπαΐδος. Πρακτικά της εν Αθήnαις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρeίας του Έτους, 1959, 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventris, M., & Chadwick, J. (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wace, A. J. B., & Thompson, M. S. (1912). Prehistoric Thessaly: Being some account of recent excavations and explorations in North-Eastern Greece from Lake Kopais to the Borders of Macedonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, P. M., & Hankey, W. (1989). Aegean Bronze Age chronology. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watrous, L. V. (1982). Lasithi: A history of settlement on a Highland plain in Crete. American School of Classical Studies: Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, H. (2014). Religion and society in Middle Bronze Age Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. C. (2005). Offsets in Mycenaean architecture. In A. Dakouri-Hild & S. Sherratt (Eds.), Autochthon: Papers presented to O.T.P.K. Dickinson on the occasion of his retirement (pp. 191–199). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zangger, E. (1994). Landscape changes around Tiryns during the Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology, 98, 189–212.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Zangger, E., Thompson, M. E., Yazvenko, S. B., Kuhnke, F., & Knauss, J. (1997). The Pylos regional archaeological project, part II: Landscape evolution and site preservation. Hesperia, 66(4), 549–641.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr Alexandra Charami, Superintendent of Antiquities of Boiotia during the AROURA study period 2012–2014, Prof Emeritus J. Knauss of the Technical University of Munich, who contributed original notes and plans from his research 1984–2001, Dr T. Horsley of Northern Illinois University, AROURA’s Principal Geophysical Investigator, assisted by Ms A. Cuneo, American Schools of Oriental Research, Mr W.S. Bittner, AROURA Information Technologies Specialist, and, not least, the Institute for Aegean Prehistory for its generous grants from 2010 through 2014.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ancient Studies Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michael F. Lane

  2. 9th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Thebes, Greece

    Vassilis L. Aravantinos

Authors
  1. Michael F. Lane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vassilis L. Aravantinos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Stijn Arnoldussen

  2. Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Robert Johnston

  3. Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University and Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark

    Mette Løvschal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lane, M.F., Aravantinos, V.L. (2021). Tracing the Remains of a Late Bronze Age Field System in Central Mainland Greece. In: Arnoldussen, S., Johnston, R., Løvschal, M. (eds) Europe's Early Fieldscapes . Themes in Contemporary Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71652-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71652-3_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71651-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71652-3

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)