Abstract
Zen Buddhism in particular has become a method of training in perfection, a method of concentration and self-control, a training in efficiency, in aesthetic appreciations, and in creativity. Outside Japan, it is rare to find techniques of mysticism practiced by many without the reward of a religious mystic experience; yet, here in Japan, it is practiced by policemen and soldiers, sportsmen, artists, and businessmen as a superior way of reaching perfection in their chosen way of life. Ancient Buddhism resembles positively in its attempt to shift the center from the worship of God to the service of man. Bushido related to Zen refers not only to martial rectitude, but to personal rectitude: Rectitude or justice is the strongest virtue of Bushido. A well-known samurai defines it this way: “Rectitude is one’s power to decide upon a course of conduct in accordance with reason, without wavering; to die when to die is right, to strike when to strike is right.” Bushido teaches that men should behave according to an absolute moral standard, one that transcends logic. This chapter analyzes the development of Zen and Bushido, and how they shaped the modern Japanese characters, which have strong connections to the Japanese management ethics.
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Appendix
Appendix
Japanese DNA Haplogroup:
There are three main Y-haplogroups in Japan, D, O, and C.
D:
Roughly 40% of Japanese belong to D, but nearly all of it is D1b which is unique to Japanese only. There is no D in China or Korea except in Tibet. But Tibetans are D1a.
The D has very unique mutation called YAP. But there is one another haplogroup that has YAP, which is the haplogroup E. E only exists in the eastern Africa, West Asia, and some parts of Europe. So this could be the Japanese connection with Caucasians.
O:
Up to 30% of the Japanese belong to the haplogroup O, but they are O1b2 (O-47z), which almost exclusively occurs in Japan. Koreans are xO-47, and there is none of this in China.
15–20% of Japanese belong to O2. About 70% of the northern Chinese and 35% of Koreans belong to O2, so that this could well be the Japanese connection with Chinese and Koreans.
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Basu, D., Miroshnik, V. (2021). Ethics of Japanese Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confusion Philosophy. In: Ethics, Morality and Business: The Development of Modern Economic Systems, Volume I. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71493-2_7
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