Abstract
Throughout history, the Jewish people have suffered numerous challenges, including pogroms and killings and even a merciless attempt at total extinction. However, when we look at the Jewish people in the last decades, we witness an outstanding case study of resilience and exceptional recovery, healing, and growth. The Jewish people are an outstanding instance of a group of people who returned to their ancient homeland in order to revive their communal life and renew their biblical language, traditional calendar, and religious rituals. They even gained independence and re-established a Jewish sovereign state. This chapter is Yahel’s innovative attempt to examine the Jewish people’s survival strategies and achievements within the framework of Indigenous resilience studies. It begins with an introduction to the Indigenous discourse, literature addressing the resilience of Indigenous People, and a review of the history of the Jewish people, identifying means and methods of resilience. It looks at three prominent Jewish figures whose writings influence Jewish ways of thinking: Hillel the Elder, Judah Halevi, and Theodor Herzl. It concludes that the Jewish people’s methods of resilience are an overwhelmingly good example of Indigenous resilience.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The borders are mentioned several times. See for example: Exodus 23:31.
- 2.
See also Knohl [24].
- 3.
See theories about the Patriarchal Age in Finkelstein and Silberman [25].
- 4.
Scholars debate over the extent and existence of the United Kingdom during David and Solomon periods. See Finkelstein and Silberman [25].
- 5.
Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE, and the final destruction of the kingdom by Sargon II in 722 BCE. Descriptions of the event can be found in many sources such as II Book of Kings, 17:6; I Books of Chronicles, 5:26; The Jerusalem Talmud, Sanhedrin, 10:6.
- 6.
References to them are found in Talmudic sources such as the Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin,84:1; Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot, 17:2. Some scholars such as Parfitt Tudor argue that the ten tribes are a myth [28]. Over the years, several hypotheses have been raised regarding the affiliation of groups as descendants of the 10 tribes, but no clear evidence has been found [29, 30].
- 7.
In 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II
- 8.
- 9.
Hanukka, a Jewish holiday is celebrated as a reminder of the Maccabees’ victory and the rededication of the Temple. The story of Hanukkah is preserved in the First and Second books of Maccabees [36, 37].
- 10.
There were massive conversions in the annexed territories, such as the Edomites [41].
- 11.
This index focuses on the richness of human lives while integrating three basic dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth; mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling which reflect the ability to acquire knowledge; and gross national income per capita which reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living [54].
- 12.
Preceded only by Greece and Cyprus [56].
- 13.
The ones who do not join are called “bad neighbours.” Babylonian Talmud, Berachot 8:1.
- 14.
Deuteronomy 15:11: “For the poor will never cease out of the land; therefor I command you, you shall open wide your hand to your brother, to the needy and to the poor, in the land.” Leviticus 23:22 commands not to harvest the corners of the field, or to pick the last fruit from the tree, to be left for the poor. Contribution of the tenth part of production to widows and the orphans.
- 15.
- 16.
His exact age is uncertain. According to Jacob Neusner, he was born in 50 BC [73].
- 17.
Wenn ihr wollt, ist es kein Märchen.
References
Ostrer H. Legacy: a genetic history of the Jewish people. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
American Jewish Committee. “The Jewish population of the world.” In American-Jewish year book. Jewish Virtual Library; 2016. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-population-of-the-world.
Anaya JS. Indigenous peoples in international law. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004.
Daes, E. A. (1996). “Working paper on the concept of “indigenous people””. U.N. ESCOR, commission on human rights, sub-commission on prevention of discrimination and protection of minorities. U.N. Doc E/CN4/Sub2/AC4/1996/2.
International Law Association Committee on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Final Report 75th ILA Biennial Meeting, Sofia. August 26–30; 2012.
Kingsbury B. Indigenous peoples in international law: a constructivist approach to the Asian controversy. Am J Int Law. 1998;92(3):414–57.
Yahel H, Kark R, Franzman SJ. Negev Bedouin and indigenous people: a comparative review. In: Chand R, Nel E, Pelc S, editors. Societies, globalization and marginalization: marginal regions in the 21st century. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 121–44.
Cobo JM. The problem of discrimination against indigenous populations. Report submitted to the United Nations—Indigenous Peoples; 1987.
Kirmayer LJ, Brass GM, Tait C. The mental health of aboriginal people: transformations of identity and community. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45:607–16, 609.
Kirmayer LJ, Simpson C, Cargo M. Healing traditions: culture, community and mental health promotion with Canadian aboriginal peoples. Austr Psychiatry. 2003;11(Supplement):15–23.
LaFromboise TD. American Indian mental health policy. Am Psychol. 1988;43(5):388–97.
Marsh TN, Coholic D, Cote-Meek S, Najavits LM. Blending aboriginal and Western healing methods to treat intergenerational trauma with substance use disorder in aboriginal peoples who live in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2015;12(1):14.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Choosing life: special report on suicide among aboriginal people. Ottawa: Supply and Services; 1995.
Wexler LM, Gone JP. Culturally responsive suicide prevention in indigenous communities: Unexamined assumptions and new possibilities. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):800–6.
Kirmayer LJ, Tait CL, Simpson C. The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Transformations of identity and community. In: Kirmayer LJ, Valaskakis GG, editors. Healing traditions: the mental health of aboriginal peoples in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press; 2009. p. 3–33, p. 27.
Chandler MJ, Lalonde C. Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada’s first nations. Transcult Psychiatry. 1998;35(2):191–219.
Chandler MJ, Lalonde C. Cultural continuity as a moderator of suicide risk among Canada’s first nations. In: Kirmayer LJ, Valaskakis G, editors. Healing traditions: the mental health of aboriginal peoples in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press; 2009. p. 221–48.
Matthew W, McDonald M, Irlbacher-Fox S, Coulthard G. Learning from the land: Indigenous land-based pedagogy and decolonization. Decolonization Indigeneity Education Society. 2014;3(3):I–XV.
Brady M. Culture in treatment, culture as treatment: a critical appraisal of developments in addictions programs for indigenous North Americans and Australians. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(11):1487–98.
Poonwassie A, Charter A. An aboriginal worldview of helping: empowering approaches. Can J Couns. 2001;35(1):63–73.
Kirmayer LJ, Dandeneau S, Marshall E, Phillips MK, Williamson K. Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. Can J Psychiatr. 2011;56(2):84–91.
Sand S. Eich VeMatai Humtza HaAm HaYehudi? (When and how the Jewish nation was invented?). Tel Aviv: Resling (Hebrew); 2008.
Shapira A. The Jewish-people deniers. Israel J Israeli History. 2009;28(1):63–72.
Knohl I. Jacob-el in the Land of Esau and the roots of biblical religion Israel. Vetus Testamentum. 2017;67:481–4.
Finkelstein I, Silberman NA. The Bible unearthed: Archaeology’s new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its sacred texts. New York: The Free Press; 2001. p. 319–25.
Sacks J. Tikkun Olam: perfecting God’s world. In: Breger MJ, editor. Public policy and social issues: Jewish sources and perspectives. Westport CN & London: Praeger; 2003. p. 35–48.
Finkelstein I. The sociopolitical organization of the central hill country in the second millennium B.C.E. In: Biran A, Aviram J, editors. Biblica archaeology today, 1990, Pre-congress symposium—population, production and power. Jerusalem; 1993. p. 119–31.
Tudor P. The lost tribes of Israel: the history of a myth. London: Phoenix; 2003.
Benite ZB. The ten lost tribes. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
Weil S. Beyond the Sambatyon: the myth of the ten lost tribes. Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora; 1991.
Busteney O. The Judean exiles in Babylonia: survival strategies of an ethnic minority. In: Mor M, Pastor J, Ronen I, Ashkenazi Y, editors. For Uriel: studies in the history of Israel in antiquity. Jerusalem: The Zalman Shazar Center; 2005. p. 53–77.
Becking B. We all returned as one!: critical notes on the myth of the mass return. In: Lipschitz O, Oeming M, editors. Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period. Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, IN; 2006.
Free JP, Vos HF. Archaeology and Bible history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan; 1992.
Winkle RE. Jeremiah’s seventy years for Babylon: a re-assessment. Part I: the scriptural data. Andrews Univ Seminary Stud. 1987;25(2):201–14. http://www.otgateway.com/articles/1987-2-04.pdf
Schalit A. The Hellenistic age: political history of Jewish Palestine from 332 B.C.E. to 67 B.C.E. London: W.H. Allen; 1976.
Popović M. The Jewish revolt against Rome: interdisciplinary perspectives. Leiden & Boston: Brill; 2011.
Rappaport U. Toldot Israel BeTkufat HaBayit HaSheni (the history of Israel during the Second Temple period). Tel-Aviv: Amihay (Hebrew); 1983.
De Lange N, editor. The illustrated history of the Jewish people. London: Aurum Press; 1997.
Schäfer P. The history of Jews in the Greco-Roman world: the Jews of Palestine from Alexander the great to the Arab conquest. London & New York: Routledge; 2003.
Schürer E, Vermes G, Millar F, Black M. The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ. London: Bloomsbury; 2014.
Shatzman I. “Al Giyuram Shel HaEdomim” (On the conversion of the Edomites). In: Mor M, et al., editors. For Uriel; studies in the history of Israel in antiquity. Jerusalem: The Zalman Shazar Center (Hebrew); 2005. p. 213–41.
Goldwurm H. History of the Jewish people: the second Temple era. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications; 1982.
Flavius J. The Jewish war. Reprint. New York & London: Oxford University Press; 2017.
Yadin Y. Bar-Kokhba: the rediscovery of the legendary hero of the last Jewish revolt against Imperial Rome. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 1978.
Schweid E. The land of Israel: national home or land of destiny. London & Toronto: Herzl Press Publications; 1985.
Gil M. A history of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Press; 1997.
Goldstein Y. We were the first: a history of Hibat Zion, 1881–1918. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute; 2015.
Bauer Y. A history of the holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts; 2001.
Dawidowicz LS. The war against the Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Open Road Integrated Media; 2010.
Marrus MR. The darkest hour. In: de Lange N, editor. The illustrated history of the Jewish people. London: Aurum Press; 1997. p. 255–302.
Kellermann NPF. Holocaust trauma: psychological effects and treatment. New York & Bloomington: iUniverse Inc.; 2009.
UN General Assembly. A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947. https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253.
Yahel H. Israel declaration of independence and the indigenous discourse. In: Elboim D, editor. Megilat Ha’atzmaum—Talmud Israeli. Rishon Lezion: Bina & Yediot (Hebrew); 2019. p. 80–1.
UN Development Program, Human Development Report 2019, New York. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking
Helliwell J, Layard R, Sachs J. World Happiness Report 2018. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network; 2018. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf
World Health Organization. World health statistics data; 2015. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-4-data?lang=en.
Senor D, Singer S. Start-up nation: the story of Israel’s economic miracle. New York, NY: Twelve; 2011.
Bialik HN. Halacha and Aggadah. New York: Schocken; 1977.
Bialik HN, Ravnitzky YH. The book of legends: legends from the Talmud and Midrash. New York: Schocken; 1992.
Sebba-Elran T. From Sefer Ha’aggadah to the Jewish bookcase: dynamics of a cultural change. Jewish Studies Quarterly. 2013;20:272–95.
Azaryahu M, Kellerman A. Symbolic places of national history and revival: a study in Zionist mythical geography. Trans Inst Br Geogr. 1999;24(1):109–23.
Don-Yiḥya E. Hanukkah and the myth of the Maccabees in Zionist ideology and in Israeli society. Jew J Sociol. 1992;34(1):5–23.
Mandell S. The road to resilience: from chaos to celebration. London: The Toby Press; 2015.
Bloch E. The principle of hope. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1986.
McDonald J, Stephenson AM. The resilience of hope. Amsterdam & New-York: Rodopi; 2010.
Rosmarin DH. Grateful to God or just plain grateful? A comparison of religious and general gratitude. J Posit Psychol. 2011;6(5):389–96.
Chalier C. Jewish hope versus revolutionary hope. In: Namli E, Svenungsson J, Vincent AM, editors. Jewish hope, utopia, and revolution. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi; 2014. p. 23–32.
Carmichael CM. Joseph, Moses, and the institution of the Israelite judicature. In: Coleson JE, Matthews VH, editors. Go to the land I will show you. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns; 1996. p. 15–25.
Bonfil R. “HaKehila HaYehudit BeItaly BeTkufat HaRenaissance” (the Jewish Community in Italy during the renaissance). In: Grossman A, Kaplan Y, editors. Yemei HaBeinaim VeHaet HaHadasha HaMukdemet (the middle ages and the early modern period). Jerusalem, Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History (Hebrew); 2004. p. 197–220.
Cooperman BD. Ethnicity and institution building among Jews in early modern Rome. Assoc Jewish Stud Rev. 2006;30(1):119–45.
Bar D. LeKadesh Aretz: HaMekomot Hakdoshim HaYehudim BeMedinat Israel (Holy places in the State of Israel). Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press & Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press. (Hebrew); 2007.
Medoff R, Waxman CI. Historical dictionary of Zionism. NY & Abingdon: Routledge; 2012.
Neusner J. From politics to piety: the emergence of pharisaic Judaism. Oregon: Wipf & Stock; 2003.
Schalit A. King Herod: portrait of a ruler. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute; 1960.
Buxbaum Y. The life and teachings of Hillel. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; 2008.
Ganz M. Why stories matter: the art and craft of social change. Sojourners; 2009. https://sojo.net/magazine/march-2009/why-stories-matter.
Gerber JS. My heart is in the East…. In: de Lange N, editor. The illustrated history of the Jewish people. London: Aurum Press; 1997. p. 141–98.
Weiss S. Biblical hermeneutics in the thought of R. Solovetchik: A preliminary appraisal of the influence of R. Yehuda Halevi. In: Kanarfogel E, Schwartz D, editors. Scholarly man of faith. Brooklyn, NY: Ktav Publishing House; 2018. p. 27–48. & Jerusalem: Urim Publications.
Kaplan GB. Review of: the compunctious poet: cultural ambiguity and Hebrew poetry in Muslim Spain. Hisp Rev. 1993;61(3):405–7.
Lobel D. Between mysticism and philosophy: Sufi language of religious experience in Judah HaLevi’s Kuzari. Albany NY: SUNY Press; 2000.
Singor I, et al. Judah Ha-Levi. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Company: Jewish Encyclopedia; 1901–1906.
Roth N. Conversos, inquisition, and the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; 2002.
Doron A. Yehudah Haleṿi: Mivḥar Maʼamre Biḳoret Al Shirato (Yehuda Halevi: a selection of critical essays on his poetry). Tel Aviv: HaḲibuts HaMeʼuḥad & Ḳeren Tel-Aviv LeSifrut VeLeOmanut (Hebrew); 1988.
Fleische E. Shirat HaKodesh HaʻIvrit BeYemei HaBenayim (Hebrew liturgical poetry in the middle ages). Jerusalem (Hebrew): Magnes; 2007.
Herzl BZ. Altneuland. Leipzig: Hermann Seemann Nachfolger; 1902.
Kark R. Geulat HaKarka BeEretz Israel (Land Redemption in Eretz Israel). Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi (Hebrew); 1990.
Cohen E. Herzl said … an exemplary community in Zionist thought. Jerusalem: Shalom Hartman Institute and Be’eri; 2012. https://shi-webfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/Beeri_2012_Herzl_TeachersGuide.pdf
Troen IS. Imagining Zion: dreams, designs, and realities in a century of Jewish settlement. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2011. p. xiii.
Balfour Declaration, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs; n.d.. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/the%20balfour%20declaration.aspx.
Ben-Gurion D. “HaTafkid HaHalutzi BeKibutz Galuyot” (the pioneering role in the ingathering of the exiles). In: Ben-Gurion D, editor. Hazon and Derech (vision and way). Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (Hebrew); 1950. p. 20.
Eden Y. Individual and society: Teacher’s guide. Jerusalem: Shalom Hartman Institute and Be’eri; 2012. http://meyda.education.gov.il/files/mazkirut_pedagogit/toshba/Madrih.yahid.final.pdf
Elior R. Zikaron and Shichecha: Sodan Shel Megilot Midbar Yehuda (memory and oblivion: the mystery of the Dead Sea scrolls). Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv: Hakibuts Hameuchad & Van Leer Institute (Hebrew); 2009.
Galil G. The chronology of the kings of Israel and Judah. Leiden: E. G. Brill; 1996.
Shirman H. HaShira HaIvrit BeSfarad VeBeProvance (Hebrew poetry in Spain and Provence) I Part 2. Jerusalem & Tel-Aviv: Mosad Bialik (Hebrew); 1961.
Herzl T. Old-New land. Translation Levensohn, L. New York: Bloch Publishing Co. & Herzl Press; 1941.
Israel Declaration of Independence. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs; n.d.. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx.
Knoblet J. Herod the Great. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America; 2005.
Netzer E. The architecture of Herod, the great builder. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck; 2006.
Rappaport U. Sefer Maccabim I (Book of Macabees. Translation, Introduction and interpretation). Jerusalem: Yad Yizhak Ben-Zvi. (Hebrew); 2004.
Tcherikover V. Gzerot Antiochus VeBa’ayoteihen (Antiochus edicts and their problems). Jerusalem: Eshkolot, Magnes; 1954.
Tcherikover V. Hellenistic civilization and the Jews. New York: Atheneum; 1975.
Tosefta, Berachot, 3:16. Based on Erfurt manuscript by Moses Samuel Zuckermandl. Jerusalem: Vaharman Books; 1963. Retrieved from http://www.hebrewbooks.org/20419
Wiessner S. Indigenous peoples: the battle over definition. The Legal Geography of Indigenous Communities: Negev Bedouins in Comparative Perspective. Research Workshop. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, October 24–27; 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yahel, H. (2022). The Jewish People and Indigenous Resilience. In: Danto, D., Zangeneh, M. (eds) Indigenous Knowledge and Mental Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71346-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71346-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71344-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71346-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)