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Parliamentarization of International Governmental Organizations pp 93–131Cite as

The Council of Europe

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Part of the book series: European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World ((EUNGW,volume 2))

Abstract

The Council of Europe (CoE) is the first international organization where a parliamentary organ was formally established. Furthermore, it is one of the oldest European organizations which combined only European states. Its parliamentary assembly became a model for the next parliamentary organs established within the framework of other European organizations, for example the BENELUX Parliament and the Nordic Council that were mentioned in Chap. 2 of this paper.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ruffert and Walter (2015), p. 142.

  2. 2.

    Cogen (2015), p. 135.

  3. 3.

    Kleinsorge (2010), p. 25.

  4. 4.

    Statute of the Council of Europe, London, 5.V.1949, European Treaty Series–No. 1.

  5. 5.

    On 7 May 1948, at the opening session of the Congress of Europe in The Hague, W. Churchill, former British Prime Minister and Honorary President of the Congress, delivered an address on the necessity for Europe to unify. Available at: https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/address_given_by_winston_churchill_at_the_congress_of_europe_in_the_hague_7_may_1948-en-58118da1-af22-48c0-bc88-93cda974f42c.html (03.05.2020).

  6. 6.

    Cogen (2015), p. 135; Polakiewicz (2013).

  7. 7.

    Original of V. Hugo’s speech: Discours d’ouverture du Congrès de la Paix 21 août 1849

    Un jour viendra où la guerre paraîtra aussi absurde et sera aussi impossible entre Paris et Londres, entre Pétersbourg et Berlin, entre Vienne et Turin, qu’elle serait impossible et qu’elle paraîtrait absurde aujourd’hui entre Rouen et Amiens, entre Boston et Philadelphie. Un jour viendra où la France, vous Russie, vous Italie, vous Angleterre, vous Allemagne, vous toutes, nations du continent, sans perdre vos qualités distinctes et votre glorieuse individualité, vous vous fondrez étroitement dans une unité supérieure, et vous constituerez la fraternité européenne […] Un jour viendra où l’on verra ces deux groupes immenses, les Etats-Unis d’Amérique, les Etats-Unis d’Europe, placés en face l’un de l’autre, se tendant la main par-dessus les mers.

    Available at: http://www.houseforculture.eu/ (04.08.2016). See also Wassenberg (2013).

  8. 8.

    Wassenberg (2013), Polakiewicz (2013) and Briand (1930).

  9. 9.

    See: Congress of Europe, The Hague, 7–11 May, 1948.

  10. 10.

    Political Resolution (The Hague Congress, 7–11 May 1948).

  11. 11.

    The full list of participants is available at: http://www.cvce.eu (16.08.2016).

  12. 12.

    Later, this proposal found its realization in the Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE.

  13. 13.

    Later, this proposal found its realization in the European Convention on Human Rights.

  14. 14.

    Article 42 of the Statute of the Council of Europe.

  15. 15.

    Evans and Silk (2013), p. 23.

  16. 16.

    In 1950, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (West Germany), and then French-occupied Saarland became associate members of the CoE. In 1951, the FRG became a full member of the CoE. In 1955, a referendum on the Saar statute was held. Based on the results of the referendum, Saarland joined West Germany in 1956. Therefore, Saarland withdrew from its associate membership in the CoE. Regarding the status of associate member states, they are entitled to be represented in the Consultative (Parliamentary) Assembly only under Article 5 of the Statute of the CoE.

  17. 17.

    Statutory Resolution No. (93) 26 on observer status adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 14 May 1993 at its 92nd session.

  18. 18.

    According para. V of Statutory Resolution No. (93)26: “Observer status gives no right to be represented on the Committee of Ministers or the Parliamentary Assembly unless a specific decision has been taken by one of these organs on its own behalf.”

  19. 19.

    Appendix I—Statutory Resolution (51) 30 adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 3 May 1951.

  20. 20.

    Polakiewicz and Sandvig (2016), p. 123.

  21. 21.

    Polakiewicz and Sandvig (2016), p. 126.

  22. 22.

    Paras 2 and 15 of Resolution 1990 (2014) of the PACE on “Reconsideration on substantive grounds of the previously ratified credentials of the Russian delegation.” Available at: https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=20882&lang=en (05.06.2020).

  23. 23.

    The amount of Russian contributions is about EUR 33,000,000.

  24. 24.

    Drzemczewski and Dzehtsiarou (2018).

  25. 25.

    Resolution 2292 (2019), Challenge, on substantive grounds, of the still unratified credentials of the parliamentary delegation of the Russian Federation, 26 June 2019. Available at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=28049&lang=en (07.06.2020).

  26. 26.

    Resolution 2320 (2020), Challenge, on substantive grounds, of the still unratified credentials of the parliamentary delegation of the Russian Federation, 29 January 2020. Available at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=28570&lang=en (07.06.2020).

  27. 27.

    Report and Recommendation of the Credentials Committee Regarding the Russian Federation’s Designation of Ms. Olga Kovitidi as a Member of the OSCE PA of 18 February 2015.

  28. 28.

    Møller (2012), p. 199; Polakiewicz (2013); de Puig (2008), p. 49.

  29. 29.

    Appendix I – Statutory Resolution (51) 30 adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 3 May 1951.

  30. 30.

    European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations, Strasbourg, 24.IV.1986, European Treaty Series, No. 124.

  31. 31.

    Winkler (2006), pp. 348–350.

  32. 32.

    For example, see Evans and Silk (2013), pp. 33–37; Kleinsorge (2010), pp. 81–83.

  33. 33.

    Council of Europe, International Organization, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 3, Issue 3, August 1949, pp. 551–552. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300014727, published online: 01 May 2009.

  34. 34.

    Text adopted by the standing committee, acting on behalf of the assembly, on 21 May 2010 (see Doc. 12175, Report of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, rapporteur: Mr. Prescott).

  35. 35.

    The expression means “not twice in the same [cause of action]”. According to Article 14 (7) ICCPR “No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.” Later this principle was reiterated in Article 4 of the Protocol 7 to the ECHR, “No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again in criminal proceedings under the jurisdiction of the same State for an offence for which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of that State.”

  36. 36.

    Article 10 of the Statute of the CoE.

  37. 37.

    Winkler (2006), p. 350.

  38. 38.

    According to Article 25 of the Statute, the Assembly “consist[s] of representatives of each member, elected by its parliament from among the members thereof, or appointed from among the members of that parliament.”

  39. 39.

    Benoît-Rohmer and Klebes (2005), pp. 56–57.

  40. 40.

    It was added as a footnote (1) to prevent misunderstanding of the statute’s text.

  41. 41.

    The number of MPs as of 2020.

  42. 42.

    In accordance with Rule 44.1 of the Rules of Procedure, the assembly transformed its Sub-Committee on the Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights into a full committee with 20 seats on 1 January 2015. Previously, the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights was responsible (via its subcommittee) for interviewing candidates for the post of the ECtHR judge.

  43. 43.

    Political groups within the PACE are the Group of the European People’s Party (EPP/CD), the Socialist Group (SOC), the European Conservatives Group & Democratic Alliance (EC/DA), the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), the Group of the Unified European Left (UEL) and Members not belonging to a Political Group.

  44. 44.

    Evans and Silk (2013), p. 149.

  45. 45.

    The number of MPs as of 2020.

  46. 46.

    Rule 66.1, Rules of Procedure of the Assembly.

  47. 47.

    In accordance with Resolution (49)20, the Committee of Ministers, pending the amendment of Articles 36 and 37 of the Statute, authorized the Assembly to appoint, on the recommendation of the Committee of Ministers, a Chief of the Administrative Services (Clerk) of the Assembly, having the rank of Deputy Secretary General. This title was replaced by Secretary General of the Assembly in January 2000.

  48. 48.

    The Staff Regulations and its appendices were adopted by Resolution (81)20 of the Committee of Ministers on 25 September 1981.

  49. 49.

    Doc. 8080 of 21 April 1998, Reply to Recommendation 1344 (1997) from the Committee of Ministers, adopted on 16 April 1998 at the 628th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies.

  50. 50.

    See: Appendix I, Resolution 2046 (2015) of the Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, Expenditure of the Parliamentary Assembly for the biennium 2016–2017.

  51. 51.

    See: Council of Europe Programme and Budget 2016–2017. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/16806d8d29 (18.09.2018), Council of Europe Programme and Budget 2018–2019. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/council-of-europe-programme-and-budget-2018-2019/16807761cd (18.09.2018).

  52. 52.

    CM (2010) 42 rev Priorities for 2011 and their budgetary implications, para. 45 and CM (2010) 130, Draft Council of Europe Programme and Budget 2011, foreword by the Secretary General.

  53. 53.

    CM (2010) 125 Introduction of a biennial budget of the Council of Europe.

  54. 54.

    Resolution (53) 38 adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 13 December 1953, and Article 20(4)(lit. h) of the Financial Regulations and Supplementary Provisions of the Council of Europe adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 29 June 2011.

  55. 55.

    Rules of Procedure of the CoE, Appendix X, Extract from the Communication of the Committee of Ministers on the examination of the Budget by the Assembly (Doc. 342).

  56. 56.

    Evans and Silk (2013), p. 163.

  57. 57.

    Rules of Procedure of the CoE, Appendix X, Extract from the reply of the Committee of Ministers to Recommendation 1344 (1997) of the Parliamentary Assembly on enlargement of the Council of Europe: the budgetary and administrative powers of the Assembly (Doc. 8080).

  58. 58.

    In 1993, the Committee of Ministers set up a “Committee of Wise Persons,” composed of leading European figures for revising the Statute of the Council of Europe.

  59. 59.

    CM/AS (2003) Rec1567-final, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1567 on parliamentary scrutiny of international institutions, Reply from the Committee of Ministers adopted at the 825th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies (22 January 2003).

  60. 60.

    Evans and Silk (2013), p. 166.

  61. 61.

    Draft Council of Europe Programme and Budget 2016–2017, p. 95. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/16804b321b (10.05.2020).

  62. 62.

    For example, project “South Programme II,” where PACE works together with the European Union.

  63. 63.

    Article 22 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

  64. 64.

    Article 9, Resolution (99)50.

  65. 65.

    Resolution (49)20.

  66. 66.

    Article 36 of the Statute of the CoE.

  67. 67.

    Drzemczewski and Lowis (2015), p. 310.

  68. 68.

    Article 5 of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

  69. 69.

    Para. I, Statutory Resolution (93)26 on Observer Status.

  70. 70.

    Committees prepare the report individually; it includes a draft resolution and draft recommendations to be adopted by the Assembly at one of the part-sessions.

  71. 71.

    The type of document as an opinion is used by the one committee for the expression of opinion regarding the report of the other committee.

  72. 72.

    The type of document as a motion is usually a short document regarding resolutions, recommendations, and dismissals. They have to be tabled by 20 or more members of the assembly belonging to at least five national delegations. The motion then is referred to committees for report and possibly to other committees for opinion.

  73. 73.

    This type of document allows members of the Assembly to express their views on some matters. It has to be signed by at least 20 representatives or substitutes of four nationalities and two political parties.

  74. 74.

    They are addressed to the Committee of Ministers.

  75. 75.

    Article 15 of the Statute of the CoE.

  76. 76.

    The 519 bis meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies (4 November 1994)—Point 2.2 para. C.

  77. 77.

    Para. 3, Item 1.3, CM/Del/Dec(98) 615, the 615th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 20 January 1998.

  78. 78.

    Para. 2, ibid.

  79. 79.

    Reply from the Committee of Ministers to the Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1567 on parliamentary scrutiny of international institutions, Para. V, CM/AS(2003) Rec 1567-final, 23 January 2003.

  80. 80.

    Item 1.6 “Revised guidelines for the reform and modernization of the Committee’s working methods” of CM(2011)96-final, the 1134th meeting of Ministers’ Deputies, 15 February 2012.

  81. 81.

    CM(2008)4-final, 1.6 Procedure of the Committee of Ministers for dealing with questions from members of the Parliamentary Assembly.

  82. 82.

    The reports are opened, not classified documents, available at http://www.coe.int/en/web/cm/statutory-report (01.12.2016).

  83. 83.

    Para. 9, Guidelines for questions to guest speakers, Additional provisions relating to Assembly debates (adopted by the Bureau of the Assembly on 25 March 2002 and 17 December 2007 See Doc. 11490 Part 1).

  84. 84.

    CM/AS(2003)Rec1567-final, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1567 on parliamentary scrutiny of international institutions, Reply from the Committee of Ministers adopted at the 825th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 23 January 2003.

  85. 85.

    For example, Item 1.7 Enhanced Dialogue between the Parliamentary Assembly and the Committee of Ministers in CM(2009)142 (16 September 2009); CM/AS(2003)Rec1567-final, Reply from the Committee of Ministers adopted at the 825th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies (22 January 2003); CM(2001)72, Appendix [8] on Three key ideas for reinforcing cooperation between the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly; Committee of Ministers’ Resolution (89) 40 on the future role of the Council of Europe in European construction.

  86. 86.

    CM/AS(2003)Rec1567-final, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1567 on parliamentary scrutiny of international institutions, Reply from the Committee of Ministers adopted at the 825th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, 23 January 2003.

  87. 87.

    Ibid., para. 3(ii).

  88. 88.

    Resolution 2287 (2019), Strengthening the decision-making process of the Parliamentary Assembly concerning credentials and voting, 25 June 2019, para. 4.

  89. 89.

    129th Session of the Committee of Ministers, CM/Del/Dec(2019)129/2, Helsinki, 17 May 2019.

  90. 90.

    Resolution 2319 (2020) Provisional version, Complementary joint procedure between the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly in response to a serious violation by a member State of its statutory obligations, 29 January 2020, para. 4.2.

  91. 91.

    The CLAHR includes three sub-committees: on Human Rights, on Crime Problems and the Fight against Terrorism; and on implementation of judgments of the ECtHR.

  92. 92.

    Resolution 1842 (2011) adopted on 7 October 2011, Appendix VI—Terms of reference of Assembly committees, Complementary Texts to the Rules of Procedure, ed. 2014., p. 120.

  93. 93.

    AS/Jur/Inf (2015) 01 of 9 January 2015 Work of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (AS/Jur): an overview, Information document; AS/Jur/Inf (2017) 01 of 20 January 2017, Work of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (AS/Jur): an overview, Information document.

  94. 94.

    Schmahl and Breuer (2017), para. 7.17; (AS/Jur): an overview AS/Jur/Inf (2015) 01 of 9 January 2015, Work of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Information document.

  95. 95.

    Resolution 1842 (2011), Section B, part II, para. 2 (i): “the committee shall in particular consider all matters concerning the human rights treaties and mechanisms of the Council of Europe, notably the European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols, the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and other international instruments”.

  96. 96.

    Drzemczewski and Lowis (2015), p. 311.

  97. 97.

    Resolution 1856 (2012) on Guaranteeing the authority and effectiveness of the ECHR, para. 3.

  98. 98.

    Donald (2014), p. 179.

  99. 99.

    Hunt (2015), p. 470.

  100. 100.

    Drzemczewski and Lowis (2015), p. 313.

  101. 101.

    According to the ECHR—Analysis of Statistics in 2016, the stock of allocated applications pending before the Court increased over the year, by 23% from 64,850 to 79,750. On 30.06.2017 the number of applications pending before a judicial formation was already 80,350.

  102. 102.

    High Level Conference on the Future of the European Court of Human Rights, Brighton Declaration, part A, para. 9(a), (c(ii)).

  103. 103.

    Protocol 15 will enter into force as soon as all the State Parties to the Convention have signed and ratified it. Italy and Bosnia and Herzegovina had not ratified it as at May 10, 2020.

  104. 104.

    PACE Doc. 13864 of 9 September 2015, Report on Implementation of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, para. 7.

  105. 105.

    For example: Bulgaria (para. 20 of the Report Doc. 12455), Greece (para. 33 of the Report Doc. 12455).

  106. 106.

    AS/Jur (2013) 13 of 28 March 2013, Implementation of Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, Extracts from the minutes of hearings, held in Strasbourg in April 2012, in June 2012, in October 2012 and in January 2013.

  107. 107.

    Italy, Russia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece and the UK.

  108. 108.

    Drzemczewski and Lowis (2015), p. 316.

  109. 109.

    Doc. 11454 of 16 November 2007, Report, United Nations Security Council and European Union Blacklists. Rapporteur: D. Marty.

  110. 110.

    Doc. 11454 Addendum of 22 January 2008, Addendum to the report on UN Security Council and European Union Blacklists, Rapporteur: D. Marty.

  111. 111.

    Drzemczewski and Lowis (2015), p. 327.

  112. 112.

    Doc. 10957 of 12 June 2006, Report on Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states, Rapporteur: D. Marty.

  113. 113.

    European Parliament Resolution on the Alleged use of European Countries by the CIA for the Transportation and Illegal detention of prisoners (2006/2200(INI)) of 14 February 2007, para. 33.

  114. 114.

    Case of Al Nashiri v. Poland, application No. 28761/11, ECtHR, Judgment of 24 July 2014; Case of Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v. Poland, application No. 7511/13, ECtHR, Judgment of 24 July 2014.

  115. 115.

    Timeline: “The Council of Europe’s investigation into CIA secret prisons in Europe” is available at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/News/News-View-en.asp?newsid=5722&lang=2 (18.09.2018).

  116. 116.

    At that time: Moldova, which had signed CIS Human Rights Convention, had been a member state of the CoE since 13.07.1995, Ukraine, which had not signed CIS Human Rights Convention had been a member state of the CoE, since 9.11.1995 and Russia, which had ratified the CIS Convention, had been a member state of the CoE since 28.02.1996.

  117. 117.

    Opinion 188 (1995) on the application by Moldova of 27.06.1995, para. 11(e).

  118. 118.

    Opinion 190 (1995) on the application by Ukraine of 25.09.1995, para. 12.3.

  119. 119.

    Opinion 193 (1996) on the application by the Russian Federation of 25.01.1992, para. 10.16.

  120. 120.

    Drzemczewski (1996), pp. 157–158.

  121. 121.

    The two analyses of the legal implication for states that intend to ratify both the European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols and the Convention on Human Rights of the Commonwealth of Independent States by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and by Jochen A. Frowein are available in the Human Rights Law Journal, Vol. 17, No 3–6, 15 October 1996, pp. 164–184.

  122. 122.

    CDL (98) 17 of 26 February 1998. The document. was adopted by the Venice Commission at its 34th plenary session, 6–7 March 1998.

  123. 123.

    Report on the Co-existence of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the European Convention on Human Rights, Doc. 9075 of 3 May 2001. Rapporteur: S. Holovaty.

  124. 124.

    Report on the Co-existence of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the European Convention on Human Rights, Doc. 9075 of 3 May 2001, para. 34.

  125. 125.

    Ibid., para. 21.

  126. 126.

    Resolution 1249 (2001), Co-existence of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the European Convention on Human Rights. Text adopted by the standing committee, acting on behalf of the assembly, on 23 May 2001, para. 4.

  127. 127.

    Ibid., para. 5.

  128. 128.

    Recommendation 1519 (2001) Co-existence of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the European Convention on Human Rights, 23 May 2001, para. 3.

  129. 129.

    Decision on the Competence of the Court to Give an Advisory Opinion, Strasbourg, 2 June 2004, para. 32.

  130. 130.

    Rocabert et al. (2014).

  131. 131.

    Rocabert et al. (2014), p. 6, p. 10, p. 17.

  132. 132.

    Schmahl and Breuer (2017), para. 37.80.

  133. 133.

    Gawrich (2015), pp. 156–173.

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Chiniaeva, A. (2021). The Council of Europe. In: Parliamentarization of International Governmental Organizations. European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71341-6_6

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