Abstract
This chapter offers readers a broad overview of several literatures concerning media effects, the history of modern journalism, and the development of broadcast news (e.g., television). The chapter links the larger consideration of punditry and academic appearances across media to the academic study of how those in elite positions influence public perceptions. The chapter also features famous quotes from journalism giants Walter Lippmann and Edward R. Murrow. Both journalists offered insights over the last century that speak directly to the need for academics to add their contributions in the production of political coverage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdenour, Jesse. 2017. Inspecting the investigators: An analysis of television investigative journalism and factors leading to its production. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly.
Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. 2008. Is polarization a myth? Journal of Politics 70: 542–555.
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1981. The mass news media in systematic, historical, and comparative perspective. In Mass media and social change, ed. E. Katz and T. Szecsko. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Altheide, David L., and R.P. Snow. 1979. Media logic. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Ansolabehere, Stephen L., and Shanto Iyengar. 1996. Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.
Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. 2014. Changing minds or changing channels? Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Arnold, R.Douglas. 2006. Congress, the press, and political accountability. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Aucoin, James L. 1997. The investigative tradition in American journalism. American Journalism 14: 317–329
Bartels, Larry M. 1993. Messages received: The political impact of media exposure. American Political Science Review 87: 267–285.
Baum, Matthew A. 2003. Soft news goes to war: Public opinion and American foreign policy in the new media age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Blasi, Vincent. 1977. The checking value in first amendment theory. Law and Social Inquiry 2: 521–649.
Brader, Ted. 2005. Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science 49: 388–405.
Brians, Craig Leonard, and Martin P. Wattenberg. 1986. Campaign issue knowledge and salience: Comparing reception from TV commercials, TV news, and newspapers. American Journal of Political Science 40: 172–193.
Bro, Peter. 2012. License to comment: The popularization of a political commentator. Journalism Studies 13: 433–446.
Broder, David. 1987. Behind the front page. New York: Vintage Press.
Calfano, Brian Robert, and Paul A. Djupe. 2009. God talk: Religious cues and electoral support. Political Research Quarterly 62: 329–339.
Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1997. Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carter, Richard F., and Bradley S. Greenberg. 1965. Newspapers or television: Which do you believe? Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 42: 29–34.
Chaffee, Steven H., and Joan Schleuder. 1986. Measurement and effects of attention to media news. Human Communication Research 13: 76–107.
Chaffee, Steven H., Xinshu Zhao, and Glenn Leshner. 1994. Political knowledge and the campaign media of 1992. Communication Research 21: 305–324.
Chaffee, Steven, and Stacey Frank. 1996. How Americans get political information: Print versus broadcast news. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546: 48–58.
Chang, Lawrence K.H., and James B. Lembert. 1968. The invisible newsman and other factors in media competition. Journalism Quarterly 45: 436–444.
Chong, Dennis. 1993. How people think, reason, and feel about rights and liberties. American Journal of Political Science 37: 867–899.
Conover, Pamela J., Donald D. Searing, and Ivor M. Crewe. 2002. The deliberative potential of political discussion. British Journal of Political Science 32: 21–62.
Converse, Philip E. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology and its discontents, ed. David E. Apter. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe.
DellaVigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan. 2007. The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting. Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 1187–1234.
Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.
de Vreese, Claes H. 2004. The effects of frames in political television on issue interpretation and frame salience. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81: 36–52.
Dewey, John. 1927. The public and its problems. Athens, OH: Swallow Press.
Dilliplane, Susanna, Seth K. Goldman, and Diana C. Mutz. 2013. Televised exposure to politics: New measures for a fragmented media environment. American Journal of Political Science 57: 236–248.
Domke, David, Dhavan V. Shah, and Daniel B. Wackman. 1998. Media priming effects: Accessibility, association, and activation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 10: 51–74.
Druckman, James N. 2001. The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior 23: 225–256.
Druckman, James N. 2004. Priming the vote: Campaign effects in a U.S. Senate election. Political Psychology 25: 577–594.
Dunaway, Johanna. 2016. Mobile vs. computer: Implications for news audiences and outlets. Discussion Paper Series #D-103. Shorenstein Center, Harvard University. August.
Edelman, Murray. 1988. Skeptical studies of language, the media, and mass culture. American Political Science Review 82: 1333–1339.
Epstein, Edward J. 1973. News from nowhere. New York: Random House.
Erdal, Ivar John. 2007. Researching media convergence and crossmedia news production. Nordicom Review 28: 51–61.
Ettema, James S., and Theodore L. Glasser. 1998. Custodians of conscience: investigative journalism and public virtue. New York: Columbia University Press.
Friendly, Fred. 1967. Due to circumstances beyond our control. New York: Times Books.
Gentzkow, Matthew. 2007. Television and voter turnout. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 121: 931–972.
George, Lisa M., and Waldfogel. 2006. The New York Times and the market for local newspapers. American Economic Review 96: 435–447.
Gerber, Alan S., Dean Karlan, and Daniel Bergan. 2009. Does the media matter? A field experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinion. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1: 35–52.
Grabe, Maria Elizabeth, and Erik Page Bucy. 2009. Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
Graber, Doris A. 1994. The infotainment quotient in routine television news: A director’s perspective. Discourse & Society 5: 483–508.
Graber, Doris A., and Johanna Dunaway. 2018. Mass media and American politics, 10th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press/Sage.
Hallin, Daniel C. 1986. We keep America on top of the world. In Watching television, ed. T. Gitlin, 9–18. New York: Pantheon Books.
Han, Lori Cox, and Brian Calfano. 2018. Conflict and candidate selection: Game framing voter choice. American Politics Research 46: 169–186.
Hero, Rodney E. 1992. Latinos and the U.S. political system: Two-tiered pluralism. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Higgins-Dobney, Carey L., and Gerald Sussman. 2013. The growth of TV news, the demise of the journalism profession. Media, Culture & Society 35: 847–863.
Holcomb, Jesse. 2018. Digital adaptation in local news. Columbia Journalism Review, September 27.
Huckfeldt, Robert, Jeanette M. Mendez, and Tracy Osborn. 2004. Disagreement, ambivalence, and engagement: The political consequences of heterogenous networks. Political Psychology 25: 65–95.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is anyone responsible?. How Television Frames Political Issues: University of Chicago Press.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1996. Framing responsibility for political issues. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546: 59–70.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1992. Dirty politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Johnson-Cartee, Karen S. 2004. News narratives and news framing. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. The advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making. American Journal of Political Science 45: 951–971.
Lee, Raymond S.H. 1978. Credibility of newspapers and TV news. Journalism Quarterly 55: 282–287.
Leshner, Glenn, and Michael L. McKean. 1997. Using TV news for political information during an off-year election: Effects on political knowledge and cynicism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 74: 69–83.
Levendusky, Matthew. 2013. Partisan media exposure and attitudes toward the opposition. Political Communication 30: 565–581.
Lichter, Robert, and Richard E. Noyes. 1996. Good intentions make bad news: Why Americans hate campaign journalism, 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Lippman, Walter. 1922. Public opinion. New York: Free Press.
Lowery, Shearon A., and Melvin L. DeFleur. 1995. Milestones in mass communication research, 3rd ed. New York: Pearson.
Lupia, Arthur. 2015. Uninformed: Why people seem to know so little about politics and what we can do about it. New York: Oxford University Press.
MacKuen, Michael Bruce, and Steven Lane Coombs. 1981. More than news: Media power in public affairs. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Marcus, George E. 2002. The sentimental citizen: Emotion in democratic politics. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCombs, Maxwell. 1997. Building consensus: The news media’s agenda-setting roles. Political Communication 14: 433–443.
McManus, John H. 1994. Market driven journalism: Let the citizen beware? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McQuail, Dennis. 1983. Mass communication theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
McQuail, Dennis. 2001. Television news research: Retrospect and prospect. In Television news research: Recent European approaches and findings, ed. Karsten Renckstorf, Denis McQuail, and Nicholas Jankowski. Berlin, Germany: Quintessence Publishing.
Morgan, Michael, and James Shanahan. 1992. Television viewing and voting 1972–1989. Electoral Studies 11: 3–20.
Mutz, Diana C., and Byron Reeves. 2005. The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust. American Political Science Review 99: 1–15.
Nelson, Thomas E., Zoe M. Oxley, and Rosalee A. Clawson. 1997. Toward a psychology of framing effects. Political Behavior 19: 221–246.
Newhagen, John E., and Byron Reeves. 1992. The evening’s bad news: Effects of compelling negative television news images on memory. Journal of Communication 42: 25–41.
Newman, Michael Z., and Elana Levine. 2012. Legitimating television: Media convergence and cultural status. New York: Routledge.
Newman, W. Russell, Marion Just, and Ann Crigler. 1992. Common knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nielsen, Rasmus Kelis, and Richard Sambrook. 2016. What is happening to television news? Reuters institute for the study of journalism. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford.
Nimmo, Dan, and James E. Combs. 1983. Mediated political realities. New York: Longman.
Nimmo, Dan, and James E. Combs. 1985. Nightly Horrors: Crisis coverage by television network news. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Nimmo, Dan, and James E. Combs. 1992. The political pundits. New York: Praeger.
Pach Jr., Chester C. 2000. TV’s 1968: War, politics, and violence on the network evening news. South Central Review. 17: 29–42.
Page, Benjamin, and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The rational public: Fifty years of trends in American policy preferences. University of Chicago Press.
Parrott, W.Gerrod, and Jay Schulkin. 1993. Neuropsychology and the cognitive nature of the emotions. Cognition and Emotion 7: 43–59.
Patterson, Thomas. 1993. Out of order. New York: Knopf.
Patterson, Thomas, and Robert McClure. 1976. The unseeing eye: The myth of television power in national elections. New York: Putnams.
Peters, Chris. 2010. No-spin Zones: The rise of the American cable news magazine and Bill O’Reilly. Journalism Studies 11: 832–851.
Ponce de Leon, Charles L. 2015. That’s the way it is: A history of television news in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prior, Markus. 2014. Visual political knowledge: A different road to competence? Journal of Politics 76: 41–57.
Putnam, Robert D. 1995. Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy 6: 65–78.
Ripley, Amanda. 2019. Complicating the narratives. Medium, January 11.
Robinson, Michael J. 1976. Public affairs television and the growth of political malaise: The case of ‘The Selling of the Pentagon’. American Political Science Review 70: 409–432.
Rogstad, Ingrid Dahlen. 2014. Political news journalists in social media: Making everyone a political pundit. Journalism Practice 8: 688–703.
Roscho, Bernard. 1975. Newsmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rosenstiel, Tom, Marion Just, Todd Belt, Atiba Pertilla, Walter Dean, and Dante Chinni. 2007. We interrupt this newscast: How to improve local news and win ratings, too. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sabato, Larry J. 2000. Feeding Frenzy: Attack journalism and American politics. Baltimore, MD: Lanahan Publishers.
Sands, John. 2019. Local news is more trusted than national news—But that could change. Miami, FL: Knight Foundation.
Schattschneider, Eric E. 1960. The semisovereign people: A realist’s view of democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Schudson, Michael. 1978. Discovering the news: A social history of American Newspapers. New York: Basic Books.
Somin, Ilya. 1998. Voter ignorance and the democratic ideal. Critical Review 12: 413–458.
Stroud, Natalie J. 2011. Niche news: The politics of news choice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Swift, Art. 2016. Americans’ trust in mass media sinks to new low. Washington, DC: The Gallup Organization.
Tannenbaum, Percy H. 1963. Communication of science information. Science 140: 579–583.
Tuchman, Barbara. 1978. Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: The Free Press.
Unz, Dagmar, Frank Schwab, and Peter Winterhoff-Spurk. 2008. TV news—The daily horror: Emotional effects of violent television news. Journal of Media PsTychology 20: 141–155.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Matthew N. Beckman, and Thomas A. Buhr. 2001. A spiral of cynicism for some. Political Communication 18: 347–367.
Vraga, Emily, Leticia Bode, and Sonya Troller-Renfree. 2016. Beyond self-reports: Using eye tracking to measure topic and style differences in attention to social media content. Communication Methods and Measures 10: 149–164.
Yagade, Aileen, and David M. Dozier. 1990. The media agenda-setting effect on concrete versus abstract issues. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 67: 3–10.
Wilbur, Susan K. 1978. The history of television in Los Angeles, 1931–1952.
Williams, Bruce A., and Michael X. Delli Carpini. 2011. After broadcast news: Media regimes, democracy, and the new information environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zaller, John. 1992. The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zucker, Harold G. 1978. The variable nature of media influence. In Communication yearbook, ed. B.D. Ruben, 225–245. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Calfano, B.R., Martinez-Ebers, V., Ramusovic, A. (2021). The Variation in Media Influence. In: The American Professor Pundit. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70877-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70877-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70876-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70877-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)