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Wheel–Rail Impact Loads, Noise and Vibration: A Review of Excitation Mechanisms, Prediction Methods and Mitigation Measures

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Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems

Part of the book series: Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design ((NNFM,volume 150))

Abstract

Railway noise and ground-borne vibration induced by wheel–rail impact loads are generated by discrete wheel/rail surface irregularities or local deviations in the nominal wheel–rail contact geometry. On the running surface of a rail, a discrete irregularity can be inherent to the railway design, for example at crossings or insulated joints. On the wheel or rail, the irregularity could also be the result of surface damage due to rolling contact fatigue cracking or a consequence of wheel sliding without rolling. This review describes the mechanisms of wheel–rail impact generated by wheel flats, rail joints and crossings. These can be a source of locally increased noise and vibration levels and increased annoyance, as well as of damage to vehicle and track components. The wheel–rail excitation at such irregularities, as indicated by the vertical wheel centre trajectory, leads to an abrupt change of momentum, potentially causing a momentary loss of wheel–rail contact followed by an impact on the rail. The resulting loading is a transient and often periodically repeated event exciting vibration in a wide frequency range with most of the energy concentrated below about 1 kHz. For the numerical prediction of high-magnitude transient loading and situations potentially leading to loss of contact, a non-linear wheel–rail contact model is required, implying that the simulation of contact force is carried out in the time domain. To avoid the need for large, computationally expensive models, a hybrid approach has been developed in which the time history of the contact force is transformed into an equivalent roughness spectrum; this is used as input to frequency-domain models for the prediction of noise and vibration. Since the excitation mechanism is similar to that for rolling noise, the same types of measures to mitigate wheel and track vibration can be applied. However, the main priority should be to control the irregularity by design and regular maintenance.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been performed within the Centre of Excellence CHARMEC, see www.charmec.chalmers.se. Parts of the study have been funded within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme in the project In2Track2 under grant agreement No 826255. The contributions by co-workers Björn Pålsson, Giacomo Squicciarini and Tianxing Wu in studies leading up to this review paper are gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Division of Dynamics/CHARMEC, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jens C. O. Nielsen

  2. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Applied Acoustics/CHARMEC, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Astrid Pieringer

  3. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    David J. Thompson

  4. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Regnbågsgatan 1, 417 55, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Peter T. Torstensson

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  1. Jens C. O. Nielsen
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  2. Astrid Pieringer
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  3. David J. Thompson
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  4. Peter T. Torstensson
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Correspondence to Jens C. O. Nielsen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Geert Degrande

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Geert Lombaert

  3. Acoustic Studio, Stanmore, NSW, Australia

    David Anderson

  4. SATIS, Weesp, The Netherlands

    Paul de Vos

  5. SNCF Réseau, La Plaine Saint Denis, France

    Pierre-Etienne Gautier

  6. Research & Development Promotion Division, Railway Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

    Masanobu Iida

  7. Wilson, Ihrig & Associates, Emeryville, CA, USA

    James Tuman Nelson

  8. Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jens C. O. Nielsen

  9. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    David J. Thompson

  10. DB Systemtechnik GmbH, München, Germany

    Thorsten Tielkes

  11. Cross-Spectrum Acoustics Inc, Burlington, MA, USA

    David A. Towers

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Nielsen, J.C.O., Pieringer, A., Thompson, D.J., Torstensson, P.T. (2021). Wheel–Rail Impact Loads, Noise and Vibration: A Review of Excitation Mechanisms, Prediction Methods and Mitigation Measures. In: Degrande, G., et al. Noise and Vibration Mitigation for Rail Transportation Systems. Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, vol 150. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70289-2_1

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