Skip to main content

Unmet Needs for Personal Assistance among Older Adults in Mexico: 2001–2015

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Understanding the Context of Cognitive Aging

Abstract

Rapid aging and longer lives pose many health and social care policy challenges to countries in Latin America, such as Mexico. By 2050, 21.5% of the Mexican population will be 60 years or older, up from 10% in 2015 (González, 2015). Data from the SAGE study conducted between 2007 and 2010 found that life expectancy at age 50 was 32 years for women and 29 for men (Chirinda & Chen, 2017). Of these years, women could expect to live ten years and men six years with a severe disability (Chirinda & Chen, 2017).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aguila, E., Diaz, C., Fu, M. M., Kapteyn, A., & Pierson, A. (2011). Living longer in Mexico: Income security and health. Washington, DC: AARP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguila, E., López-Ortega, M., & Angst, S. (2019). Do income supplemental programs for older adults’ help reduce primary caregiver burden? Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 34(4), 385–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Navarro, S. G., Fuentes-Cantú, A., Ávila-Funes, J. A., & García-Mayo, E. J. (2007). Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario del ENASEM para la depresión en adultos mayores. Salud publica de Mexico, 49(4), 256–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, S. M., & Mor, V. (1997). The prevalence and consequences of unmet need: Contrasts between older and younger adults with disability. Medical Care, 1132–1148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, S. M., Piette, E. R., & Mor, V. (2014). The adverse consequences of unmet need among older persons living in the community: Dual-eligible versus Medicare-only beneficiaries. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 69(Suppl_1), S51–S58. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, F. C. D. (2010). Measuring the impact of diabetes on life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy among older adults in Mexico. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B(3), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, F. C. D., Guevara, P. E., Lebrão, M. L., de Oliveira Duarte, Y. A., & Santos, J. L. F. (2011). Gender differences in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy among older adults in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Women’s Health Issues, 21(1), 64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angel, J. L., Vega, W., & López-Ortega, M. (2017). Aging in Mexico: Population trends and emerging issues. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 153–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ankuda, C. K., & Levine, D. A. (2016). Trends in caregiving assistance for home-dwelling, functionally impaired older adults in the United States, 1998–2012. JAMA, 316(2), 218–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ankuda, C. K., Levine, D. A., Langa, K. M., Ornstein, K. A., & Kelley, A. S. (2020). Caregiving, recovery, and death after incident ADL/IADL disability among older adults in the United States. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 39(4), 393–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arias-Merino, E. D., Mendoza-Ruvalcaba, N. M., Ortiz, G. G., Velazquez-Brizuela, I. E., Meda-Lara, R. M., & Cueva-Contreras, J. (2012). Physical function and associated factors in community-dwelling elderly people in Jalisco, Mexico. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(3), e271–e278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán-Sánchez, H., Pebley, A., & Goldman, N. (2017). Links between primary occupation and functional limitations among older adults in Mexico. SSM-Population Health, 3, 382–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, R. (2015). Disability and unmet health care needs in Canada: A longitudinal analysis. Disability and Health Journal, 8(2), 173–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chirinda, W., & Chen, H. (2017). Comparative study of disability-free life expectancy across six low-and middle-income countries. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 17(4), 637–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del-Pino-Casado, R., Rodríguez Cardosa, M., López-Martínez, C., & Orgeta, V. (2019). The association between subjective caregiver burden and depressive symptoms in carers of older relatives: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 14(5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M. M., Lentzner, H. R., & Weeks, J. D. (2001). Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. The Gerontologist, 41(1), 82–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Venegas, C., De La Vega, S., & Wong, R. (2015). Transitions in activities of daily living in Mexico, 2001–2012. Salud Publica de Mexico, 57, s54–s61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Venegas, C., Reistetter, T. A., Wang, C.-Y., & Wong, R. (2016). The progression of disability among older adults in Mexico. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(20), 2016–2027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Venegas, C., & Wong, R. (2016). Trajectories of limitations in activities of daily living among older adults in Mexico, 2001–2012. Disability and Health Journal, 9(3), 524–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiGirolamo, A. M., & Salgado de Snyder, N. (2008). Women as primary caregivers in Mexico: Challenges to wellbeing. Salud Publica de Mexico, 50, 516–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, V. A., & Spillman, B. C. (2014). Disability and care needs among older Americans. The Milbank Quarterly, 92(3), 509–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, B., Blanco, M., & Pacheco, E. (1999). Género y trabajo extradoméstico. In B. García (coord.), Mujer, género y población en México (p. 999). México DF: COLMEX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giraldo-Rodríguez, L., Guevara-Jaramillo, N., Agudelo-Botero, M., Mino-León, D., & López-Ortega, M. (2019). Qualitative exploration of the experiences of informal care-givers for dependent older adults in Mexico City. Ageing & Society, 39(11), 2377–2396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, C. (2007). Intergenerational exchanges in Mexico: Types and intensity of support. Current Sociology, 55(4), 545–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González, K. D. (2015). Envejecimiento demográfico en México: análisis comparativo entre las entidades federativas. México City, México: CONAPO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez Robledo, L. M. F., Agudelo Botero, M., Medina Campos, R., Giraldo Rodríguez, L. (eds.) (2016). Hechos y desafíos para un envejecimiento saludable en México © 2016, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez Robledo, L. M. F., Medina Campos, R. H., & López-Ortega, M. (2015). Present state of elder care in Mexico. In Challenges of Latino aging in the Americas (pp. 379–392). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harling, G., Payne, C. F., Davies, J. I., Gomez-Olive, F. X., Kahn, K., Manderson, L., … Witham, M. D. (2020). Impairment in activities of daily living, care receipt, and unmet needs in a middle-aged and older rural South African population: Findings from the HAALSI study. Journal of Aging and Health, 32(5–6), 296–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinpoor, A. R., Bergen, N., & Chatterji, S. (2013). Socio-demographic determinants of caregiving in older adults of low-and middle-income countries. Age and Ageing, 42(3), 330–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huenchuan, S., & Rodríguez Velázquez, R. I. (2015). Necesidades de Cuidado de las Personas Mayores en la Ciudad de México: diagnostico y lineamientos de política.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagger, C., Hauet, E., & Brouard, N. (2001). Health expectancy calculation by the Sullivan method: A practical guide (NUPRI Research Paper Series No. 68). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon University Population Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. (1997). Factors affecting the unmet long term care need of elderly in Korea and the United States: Effects of children and formal home care on the unmet need.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku, L.-J. E., Liu, L.-F., & Wen, M.-J. (2013). Trends and determinants of informal and formal caregiving in the community for disabled elderly people in Taiwan. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56(2), 370–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPlante, M. P., Kaye, H. S., Kang, T., & Harrington, C. (2004). Unmet need for personal assistance services: Estimating the shortfall in hours of help and adverse consequences. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 59(2), S98–S108. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.2.S98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y.-H., Chang, H.-J., & Huang, C.-C. (2012). The unmet activities of daily living (ADL) needs of dependent elders and their related factors: An approach from both an individual-and area-level perspective. International Journal of Gerontology, 6(3), 163–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Ortega, M. (2014). The family household and informal old age care in Mexico: A research note. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 40, 235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Ortega, M., & Aranco, N. (2019). Envejecimiento y atención a la dependencia en México. Nota Técnica, 1614. Washington, DC: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Ortega, M., & Gutiérrez-Robledo, L. M. (2015). Percepciones y valores en torno a los cuidados de las personas adultas mayores. In L. M. G. Robledo & L. Giraldo (Eds.), Realidades y expectativas frente a la nueva vejez. Encuesta Nacional de Envejecimiento (pp. 113–133). Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathers, C. (2002). Health expectancies: An overview and critical appraisal. In C. Murray, J. A. Salomon, C. D. Mathers, & A. D. Lopez (Eds.), Summary measures of population health: Concepts, ethics, measurement and applications (pp. 177–204). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • McColl, M. A., Jarzynowska, A., & Shortt, S. (2010). Unmet health care needs of people with disabilities: Population level evidence. Disability & Society, 25(2), 205–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Luck, C. A., & Anthony, K. P. (2016). Marianismo and caregiving role beliefs among US-born and immigrant Mexican women. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(5), 926–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michaels-Obregon, A., Lin, A., Phillips, D., Wilkens, J., Wong, R., & Lee, J. (2019). Harmonized MHAS Documentation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, M., Bogen, K., Long-Bellil, L. M., & Heaphy, D. (2011). Unmet needs for home and community-based services among persons with disabilities in Massachusetts. Disability and Health Journal, 4(4), 219–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Momtaz, Y. A., Hamid, T. A., & Ibrahim, R. (2012). Unmet needs among disabled elderly Malaysians. Social Science & Medicine, 75(5), 859–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montes de Oca, V., Garay, S., Rico, B., & García, S. J. (2014). Living arrangements and aging in Mexico: Changes in households, poverty, and regions, 1992 2009. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(4), 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nava, I. (2012). Actividades de cuidado, mercado de trabajo remunerado y ciclo de vida familiar en las mujeres urbanas de México. Los cuidados y el trabajo en México. Un análisis a partir de la Encuesta Laboral y de Corresponsabilidad Social (ELCOS) (pp. 70–102).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigenda, G., López-Ortega, M., Matarazzo, C., & Juárez-Ramírez, C. (2007). La atención de los enfermos y discapacitados en el hogar: Retos para el sistema de salud mexicano. Salud publica de Mexico, 49, 286–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noël-Miller, C. (2010). Longitudinal changes in disabled husbands’ and wives’ receipt of care. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 681–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orozco-Rocha, K., Wong, R., & Obregón, A. M. (2018). Attrition in panel surveys in Mexico: The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Realidad, datos y espacio: revista internacional de estadistica y geografia, 9(1), 64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otero, Á., de Yébenes, M. J. G., Rodríguez-Laso, Á., & Zunzunegui, M. V. (2003). Unmet home care needs among community-dwelling elderly people in Spain. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 15(3), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, C. F., & Wong, R. (2019). Expansion of disability across successive Mexican birth cohorts: A longitudinal modeling analysis of birth cohorts born 10 years apart. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73(10), 900–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrero Nieto, M. (2004). Género, trabajo doméstico y extradoméstico en México. Una estimación del valor económico del trabajo doméstico. Estudios demográficos y urbanos, 19, 413–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quail, J. M., Addona, V., Wolfson, C., Podoba, J. E., Lévesque, L. Y., & Dupuis, J. (2007). Association of unmet need with self-rated health in a community dwelling cohort of disabled seniors 75 years of age and over. European Journal of Ageing, 4(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-007-0042-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Almaraz, A., Manrique-Espinoza, B., Chatterji, S., Naidoo, N., Kowal, P., & Salinas-Rodríguez, A. (2019). Longitudinal associations of multimorbidity, disability and out-of-pocket health expenditures in households with older adults in Mexico: The study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Disability and Health Journal, 12(4), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.03.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robles Silva, L. (2001). El fenómeno de las cuidadoras: un efecto invisible del envejecimiento. Estudios demográficos y urbanos, 16, 561–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robles-Silva, L. (2008). The caregiving trajectory among poor and chronically ill people. Qualitative Health Research, 18(3), 358–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saenz, J. L., & Wong, R. (2016). Educational gradients and pathways of disability onset among older Mexicans. Research on Aging, 38(3), 299–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sands, L. P., Wang, Y., McCabe, G. P., Jennings, K., Eng, C., & Covinsky, K. E. (2006). Rates of acute care admissions for frail older people living with met versus unmet activity of daily living needs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(2), 339–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheil-Adlung, X. (2015). Long-term care protection for older persons: A review of coverage deficits in 46 countries. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • StataCorp, L. (2019). Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. 2019. College Station, Texas, United States of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. M., Rudolph, K. E., Sofrygin, O., Wong, R., Walter, L. C., & Glymour, M. M. (2019). Having an adult child in the United States, physical functioning, and unmet needs for care among older Mexican adults. Epidemiology, 30(4), 553–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo, A. J., Mroz, T. A., Piras, C., Angeles, G., & Tran, N. (2012). Caregiving and elderly health in Mexico. International Journal of Health Services, 42(4), 667–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, F. V., & Crimmins, E. M. (2016). Female disability disadvantage: A global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability. Ageing & Society, 36(6), 1136–1156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R., González González, C., & López Ortega, M. (2014). Envejecimiento y población en edades avanzadas. Los mexicanos un balance del cambio demográfico (pp. 185–221).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R., Michaels-Obregon, A., & Palloni, A. (2017). Cohort profile: The Mexican health and aging study (MHAS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), e2–e2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R., Michaels-Obregón, A., Palloni, A., Gutiérrez-Robledo, L. M., González-González, C., López-Ortega, M., … Mendoza-Alvarado, L. R. (2015). Progression of aging in Mexico: The Mexican health and aging study (mhas) 2012. Salud publica de Mexico, 57, s79–s89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, R., Pelaez, M., Palloni, A., & Markides, K. (2006). Survey data for the study of aging in Latin America and the Caribbean: Selected studies. Journal of Aging and Health, 18(2), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264305285655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2018). WHO methods and data sources for life tables 1990–2016. Global Health Estimates Technical Paper WHO/HIS/IER/GHE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, H., Covinsky, K. E., Stallard, E., Thomas, J., 3rd, & Sands, L. P. (2012). Insufficient help for activity of daily living disabilities and risk of all-cause hospitalization. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(5), 927–933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhen, Z., Feng, Q., & Gu, D. (2015). The impacts of unmet needs for long-term care on mortality among older adults in China. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 25(4), 243–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, H. (2015). Unmet needs in long-term care and their associated factors among the oldest old in China. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1), 46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Jeanna Campbell for her assistance in a previous version of this chapter. We also would like to thank the comments received during the 2019 INGER-ICAA meeting in Mexico City.

Funding of Interest

None.

Conflict of Interest

The researchers have no conflict of interest to report.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Flavia Andrade .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Andrade, F., López Ortega, M. (2021). Unmet Needs for Personal Assistance among Older Adults in Mexico: 2001–2015. In: Angel, J.L., López Ortega, M., Gutierrez Robledo, L.M. (eds) Understanding the Context of Cognitive Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70119-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70119-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70118-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70119-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics