Abstract
Excellence is the legitimating discourse for the existence and perpetuation of gender inequality. This chapter uses a multi-method approach to problematise this legitimating construct of excellence in higher education institutions (HEIs). Through an analysis of policy documents in the UK HE sector and in one case study university in relation to recruitment/advancement, excellence is presented as an unproblematic, tautologically vacuous term. The chapter argues that informal power as reflected in micropolitical practices therefore becomes important. Drawing on qualitative data from an Irish case study, four types of micropolitical practices are discussed: procedural subversion; gendered devaluation and stereotypes; sponsorship and local fit. Given HEIs are hierarchically male dominated and homosocial, all of these are likely to disadvantage women.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139–158.
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, Class and Race in Organizations. Gender and Society, 20(4), 441–464.
Ahlqvist, V., Andersson, J., Hahn Berg, C., Kolm, C., Söderqvist, L., & Tumpane, J. (2013). Jämställdhetsobservationer i ett urval av vetenskapsrdets beredningsgrupper 2012 [Observations on Gender Equality in a Selection of the Swedish Research Council’s Evaluation Panels]. Vetenskapsrådet. Retrieved March 14, 2014, from www.vr.se/nyheterpress/nyheter2013/jamstalldhetsobservationerietturvalavvetenskapsradetsberedningsgrupper2012.5.7e727b6e141e9ed702b2b90.html
Banchefsky, S., Westfall, J., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (2016). ‘But You Don’t Look Like a Scientist!’ Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance are Deemed to be Less Likely to be Scientists. Sex Roles, 75(3), 95–109.
Bell, A. R., & Brooks, C. (2019). Is there a ‘Magic Link’ between Research Activity, Professional Teaching Qualifications and Student Satisfaction? Higher Education Policy, 32(2), 227–248.
Bromham, L., Dinnage, R., & Hua, X. (2016). Interdisciplinary research has consistently lower funding success. Nature, 534(7609), 684–687.
Buzzanell, P. M., & D’Enbeau, S. (2009). Stories of caregiving: Intersections of academic research and women’s everyday experiences. Qualitative Inquiry, 15(7), 1199–1224
Campbell, P. (2018). Editorial. Nature, 554, 403–404.
Carli, G., Tagliaventi, M. R., & Cutolo, D. (2019). One size does not fit all: the influence of individual and contextual factors on research excellence in academia. Studies in Higher Education, 44(11), 1912–1930.
Connell, R. W. (2002). Gender. Polity Press.
Cruz-Castro, L., & Sanz-Menénde, L. (2010). Mobility versus job stability: Assessing tenure and productivity outcomes. Research Policy, 39(1), 27–38.
Currie, J., Thiele, B., & Harris, P. (2002). Gendered Universities in Globalised Economies. Lexington Books.
De Vries, J., & Binns, J. (2018). Sponsorship: Creating Career Opportunities for Women in Higher Education. Universities Australia Executive Women (UAEW), Canberra, Australia. Retrieved June 19, 2019, from https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/UAEW/SponsorGuide
Deem, R. (2003). Gender, Organizational Cultures and the Practices of Manager-Academics in UK Universities. Gender, Work and Organization, 10(2), 239–259.
Deem, R., Hilliard, S., & Reed, M. (2008). Knowledge, Higher Education and the New Managerialism. Oxford University Press.
Department for Education. (2017). Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Specification. UK Government. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/teaching-excellence-and-student-outcomes-framework-specification
Department for Education. (2018). TEF and Informing Student Choice: Subject Level Qualifications, and Teaching Quality and Student Outcome Factors. Research Report by D. Vivian, A. S. James, Z. Hazel, D. Thomson, & S. Whittaker. UK Government. Retrieved April 3, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/teaching-excellence-framework-and-informing-student-choice
ETAN. (2000). Science Policies in the European Union: Promoting Excellence Through Mainstreaming Gender Equality. Publications Office for European Communities. Retrieved June 12, 2015, from https://www.amit-es.org/sites/default/files/pdf/publicaciones/informe_ETAN_2000.pdf
EU. (2004). Gender and Excellence in the Making. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/bias_brochure_final_en.pdf
EU. (2019). She Figures, 2018: Gender in Research and Innovation, Statistics and Indicators. Publications Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/she-figures-2018_en
Fan, Y., Shepherd, L. J., Slavich, E., Waters, D., Stone, M., Abel, R., & Johnston, E. L. (2019). Gender and cultural bias in student evaluations: Why representation matters. PLoS One, 14(2), e0209749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209749
Ferrari, A. R. (2020). Why COVID-19 Pandemic Put Women’s Second Shift in the Spotlight. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://medium.com/@rguezf.aylen/why-covid-19-pandemic-put-womens-second-shift-in-the-spotlight-ab4be2466d24
Ferretti, F., Guimaraes Pereira, A., Vertesy, D., & Hardeman, S. (2018). Research excellence indicators: time to reimagine the ‘making of’. Science and Public Policy, 45(5), 731–741.
Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2005). Undoing Men’s Privilege and Advancing Gender Equality in Public Sector Institutions. Policy and Society, 24(4), 119–138.
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. Pantheon Books. Translation by A.M. Sheridan Smith. Originally published (1969) as L’Archéologie du Savoir. Gallimard.
Fraser, N. (2008). Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World. In K. Olsen (Ed.), Adding Insult to Injury: Nancy Fraser Debates her Critics (pp. 273–291). Verso.
Grummell, B., Lynch, K., & Devine, D. (2009). Appointing Senior Managers in Education: Homosociability, Local Logics and Authenticity in the Selection Process. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 37(3), 329–349.
Hazelkorn, E. (2015). Introduction: The geopolitics of rankings. In E. Hazelkorn (Ed.). Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education: The Battle for World Class Excellence (2nd ed., pp. 1–20). Palgrave Macmillan.
Herschberg, C., Benschop, Y., & van den Brink, M. (2018). Selecting early-career researchers: the influence of discourses of internationalisation and excellence on formal and applied selection criteria in academia. Higher Education, 76(5), 807–825.
Husu, L. (2004). Gatekeeping, Gender equality and scientific excellence. In European Commisssion, Gender and Excellence in the Making, 69–77. EC.
Husu, L. (2014). Research funding gap: her excellence dwarfed by his excellence. http://euroscientist.com/2014/06/research-funding-gap-excellence-dwarfed-excellence/
Ibarra, H., Carter, N., & Silva, C. (2010). Why Men Still Get more Promotions than Women. Harvard Business Review, 88(9), 80–126.
Irish Research Council. (2018). Gender Strategy and Actions. http://research.ie/assets/uploads/2018/08/04108-IRC-Gender-flyer-proof03-single.pdf
Lamont, M. (2009). How Professors Think Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgement. Harvard University Press.
Lipman Blumen, J. (1976). Towards a Homosocial Theory of Sex Roles: An Explanation of the Sex Segregation of Social Institutions. Signs, 3, 15–31.
Lumby, J. (2015). In the Wings and Backstage: Exploring the Micropolitics of Leadership in Higher Education. Leadership Foundation.
Lynch, K. (2014). New Managerialism: The Impact on Education. Concept, 5(3), 1–11.
Lynch, K., Gummell, B., & Devine, D. (2012). New Managerialism in Education: Commercialisation, Carelessness and Gender. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mackay, F. (2011). Conclusion: Towards a Feminist Institutionalism. In M. L. Krook & F. Mackay (Eds.), Gender, Politics and Institutions (pp. 81–196). Palgrave Macmillan.
Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New Institutionalism Through a Gender Lens: Towards a Feminist Institutionalism? International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588.
Mackenzie Davey, K. (2008). Women’s Accounts of Organisational Politics as a Gendering Process. Gender, Work and Organisation, 15(6), 650–671.
Martin, P. Y. (2003). ‘Said and Done’ ‘Versus ‘Saying and Doing’: Gendering Practices, Practicing Gender at Work. Gender and Society, 17(3), 342–366.
Martin, P. Y. (2006). Practicing Gender at Work: Further Thoughts on Reflexivity. Gender, Work and Organization, 13(3), 254–275.
Matthews, D. (2020). Pandemic Lockdown Holding Back Female Academics, Data Show. Times Higher Education, June 25. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/pandemic-lockdown-holding-back-female-academics-data-show
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363.
Montes Lopez, E., & O’Connor, P. (2019). Micropolitics and Meritocracy: Improbable Bedfellows. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 47(5), 678–693.
Morley, L. (1999). Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of the Academy. St Martin’s Press.
Morley, L. (2003). Reconstructing students as consumers: power and assimilation? In M. Slowey and D. Watson (Eds.). Higher Education and the Lifecourse (pp. 79–92). Open University Press.
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(41), 16474–16479.
Naidoo, R., & Williams, J. (2015). The Neoliberal Regime in English Higher Education: Charters, Consumers and the Erosion of the Public Good. Critical Studies in Education, 56(2), 208–223.
Nielsen, W. M. (2016). Limits to Meritocracy? Gender in Academic Recruitment and Promotion Processes. Science and Public Policy, 43(3), 386–399.
Nir, A. E., & Zilberstein-Levy, R. (2006). Planning for Academic Excellence: Tenure and Professional Considerations. Studies in Higher Education, 31(5), 537–554.
O’Connor, P. (2014). Management and Gender in Higher Education. MUP.
O’Connor, P. (2018). Gender Imbalance in Senior Positions: What is the Problem? What can be Done? Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 3(1), 28–50.
O’Connor, P. (2020). Accessing Academic Citizenship: Excellence or Micropolitical Practices? In S. Sumer (Ed.), Gendered Academic Citizenship: Issues and Experiences (pp. 37–64). Palgrave Macmillan.
O’Connor, P., Montez López, E., O’Hagan, C., Wolffram, A., Aye, M., Chizzola, V., Mich, O., Apostolov, G., Topuzova, I., Saglamer, G., Tan, M. G., & Çağlayan, H. (2020). Micropolitical Practices in Higher Education: A Challenge to Excellence as a Rationalising Myth? Critical Studies in Education, 61(2), 195–211.
O’Connor, P., & O’Hagan, C. (2016). Excellence in University Academic Staff Evaluation: A Problematic Reality? Studies in Higher Education, 41(11), 1943–1957.
O’Connor, P., O’Hagan, C., Myers, E. S., Baisner, L., Apostolov, G., Topuzova, I., Saglamer, G., Tan, M. G., & Caglayan, H. (2019). Mentoring and Sponsorship in Higher Education Institutions: Men’s Invisible Advantage in STEM? Higher Education Research and Development, 39(4), 1–14.
Ramirez, F. O., & Tiplic, D. (2014). In Pursuit of Excellence? Discursive Patterns in European Higher Education Research. Higher Education, 67, 439–455.
REF. (2019). Research Excellence Framework: Guidance on Submissions. Retrieved June 16, 2020, from https://www.ref.ac.uk/publications/guidance-on-submissions-201901/
Risman, B. J., & Davis, G. (2013). From Sex Roles to Gender Structure. Current Sociology, 61(5–6), 733–755.
Saarinen, T. (2008). Position of Text and Discourse Analysis in Higher Education Policy Research. Studies in Higher Education, 33(6), 719–728.
Santiago, R., & Carvalho, T. (2012). Managerialism Rhetorics in Portuguese Higher Education. Minerva, 50, 511–532.
Sanz-Menéndez, L., Cruz-Castro, L., & Kennedy, A. (2013). Time to Tenure in Spanish Universities: An Event History Analysis. PLoS One, 8(10), 1–18.
Skelton, A. M. (2009). A ‘Teaching Excellence’ for the Times We Live In? Teaching in Higher Education, 14(1), 107–112.
Spence, C. (2019). ‘Judgement’ Versus ‘Metrics’ in Higher Education Management. Higher Education, 77, 761–775.
Teelken, C., Taminiau, Y., & Rosenmoller, C. (2019). Career Mobility from Associate to Full Professor in Academia: Micropolitical, Practices and Implicit Gender Stereotypes. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1655725
THE (2020a). https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/impact-rankings-2020-results-announced#:~:text=THE%20Impact%20Rankings%202020%3A%
THE (2020b). Global University Rankings. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
Van Arensbergen, P., van Der Weijden, I., & van Den Besselaar, P. (2014). Different views on scholarly talent: What are the talents we are looking for in science? Research Evaluation, 23, 273–284.
Van den Brink, M. (2010). Behind the scenes of science: Gender practices in the recruitment and selection of professors in the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press.
Van den Brink, M., & Benschop, Y. (2012). Gender Practices in the Construction of Academic Excellence: Sheep with Five Legs. Organization, 19(4), 507–524.
Vázquez-Cupeiro, S., & Elston, M. A. (2006). Gender and academic career trajectories in Spain: From gendered passion to consecration in a Sistema Endogámico? Employee Relations, 28(6), 588–603.
Verge, T., Ferrer-Fons, M., & Gonzalez, M. J. (2018). Resistance to mainstreaming gender into the higher education curriculum. European Journal of Women's Studies, 25(1), 86–101.
Vettese, T. (2019). Sexism in the Academy. Head Case, 34 n+1. Spring. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://nplusonemag.com/issue-34/essays/sexism-in-the-academy/
Wenneras, C., & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and Sexism in Peer Review. Nature, 387(6631), 341–343.
White, K. (2014). Keeping Women in Science. Melbourne University Press.
Whyte, J. (2005). Crimes Against Logic. McGraw Hill.
Wiers-Jenssen, J., Stensaker, B. R., & Gr⊘gaard, J. B. (2002). Student Satisfaction: Towards an empirical deconstruction of the concept. Quality in Higher Education, 8(2), 183–195.
Wolffram, A., Aye, M., Apostolov, G., Andonova, S., O’Hagan, C., O’Connor, P., Chizzola, V., Çağlayan, H., Sağlamer, G., & Tan, M. G. (2015). Perceptions of Excellence in Hiring Processes. FESTA. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from http://www.festa-europa.eu
Primary Documents
Academic Job Recruitment Advertisements and Job Descriptions.
Guidance Documents and Webpages on Academic Promotions.
Guidance Documents for Academic Probation.
Guidance Documents on Academic PDR.
UK Case Study University.
University Webpages on Academic Recruitment Strategy.
University Webpages on Research Centres.
Acknowledgements
Funding for the cross-national FESTA project was provided by the EC Directorate General for Research and Innovation: Grant number 287526. The contributions of all those involved in this project are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Connor, P., Barnard, S. (2021). Problematising Excellence as a Legitimating Discourse. In: O'Connor, P., White, K. (eds) Gender, Power and Higher Education in a Globalised World. Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69687-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69687-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69686-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69687-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)