Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Idealism, Integration or Illiberalism?: Global Futures for Immigration after Covid-19

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Migration and Radicalization

  • 156 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores possibilities for the future of migration given current trends. Predicting human future behavior is difficult, but probable outcomes can be outlined. In that spirit, this chapter examines a future of open borders, a future of lockdown, a future of illiberal democracy, a future of integration and a future of conflict. Each future will derive from existing trends. The future sketches establish premises for evaluating policies in the final chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Murray, Douglas, The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (New York: Bloomsbury 2018), pg. 2.

  2. 2.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pg. 3.

  3. 3.

    Marshall, Tim, The Age of Walls: How Barriers between Nations are Changing our World (New York: Scribner 2018), pg. 137.

  4. 4.

    Huntington, Samuel P., “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy, 28 October 2009, https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/28/the-hispanic-challenge/.

  5. 5.

    Huntington, Samuel P., Who are We?: the Challenges to America’s National Identity. (New York: Simon & Schuster 2005), pg. 300.

  6. 6.

    Polakow-Suransky, Sasha, Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy (New York: Nation Books 2017), pgs. 1–2, 108.

  7. 7.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 5.

  8. 8.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pgs. 206–207.

  9. 9.

    Easterbrook, Gregg, It’s Better than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear (New York: PublicAffairs 2018), pg. 5.

  10. 10.

    Yaffe-Belany, David and Michael Corkery, “Dumped Milk, Smashed Eggs, Plowed Vegetables: Food Waste of the Pandemic,” The New York Times, 11 April 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/business/coronavirus-destroying-food.html.

  11. 11.

    Harari, Yuval Noah, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (New York: HarperCollins 2015), pg. 240.

  12. 12.

    Harari, Sapiens, pg. 241.

  13. 13.

    Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, “Covid-19 Projections,” https://covid19.healthdata.org/, accessed 4 December 2020.

  14. 14.

    Holmdahl, Inga and Caroline Buckee, “Wrong but Useful—What Covid-19 Epidemiological Models Can and Cannot Tell Us,” The New England Journal of Medicine 383 (23 July 2020), https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2016822.

  15. 15.

    De La Baume, Maia, “Angela Merkel Defends Open Border Migration Policy,” Politico, 27 August 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/angela-merkel-defends-open-border-migration-refugee-policy-germany/.

  16. 16.

    Diamond, Jared. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. (New York: Viking Press 2005).

  17. 17.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe; Deliso, Chris, Migration, Terrorism and the Future of a Divided Europe: A Continent Transformed (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger 2017).

  18. 18.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From.

  19. 19.

    “Sweden and Migration,” https://sweden.se/migration/#2013, accessed 4 December 2020.

  20. 20.

    Counter-Extremism Project, “Sweden: Extremism and Counter-Extremism,” 2 July 2020, https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/country_pdf/SE-07022020.pdf.

  21. 21.

    Kingsley, Patrick, The New Odyssey: The Story of the Twenty-First-Century Refugee Crisis (New York: Liveright 2017), pg. 263.

  22. 22.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pgs. 80–81.

  23. 23.

    See Chap. 3.

  24. 24.

    Kingsley, The New Odyssey, pg. 263.

  25. 25.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pg. 81.

  26. 26.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pgs. 318–319.

  27. 27.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pg. 318.

  28. 28.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe, pgs. 239–241; 289–291.

  29. 29.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 252.

  30. 30.

    Carens, Joseph. “Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders,” The Review of Politics. Vol. 49, No. 2 (Spring, 1987), pp. 251–273.

  31. 31.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back Where You Came From, pg. 20.

  32. 32.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pgs. 236–237.

  33. 33.

    Brooks, David, “The Rotting of the Republican Mind,” The New York Times, 26 November 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/opinion/republican-disinformation.html.

  34. 34.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back Where You Came From, pg. 289.

  35. 35.

    Stevens, Jacqueline, States without Nations: Citizenship for Mortals (New York: Columbia University Press 2010), pg. 19.

  36. 36.

    Stevens, States without Nations, pg. 47.

  37. 37.

    Smith, Nathan, “A World Without Borders: Richer, Fairer and More Free,” Foreign Affairs, 28 February 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2017-02-28/world-without-borders.

  38. 38.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pg. 251.

  39. 39.

    Shachar, Ayelet. The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality. (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 2009).

  40. 40.

    Diamond, Larry, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1999).

  41. 41.

    Huq, Aziz and Tom Ginsburg, “How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy,” UCLA Law Review 65: 78 (2018), https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13666&context=journal_articles.

  42. 42.

    Freedom House, “A Leaderless Struggle for Democracy: Freedom in the World 2020,” https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2020/leaderless-struggle-democracy.

  43. 43.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat: Freedom in the World 2019,” https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019/democracy-in-retreat, pg. 19.

  44. 44.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat,” pg. 18.

  45. 45.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat,” pg. 20.

  46. 46.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat,” pgs. 20–21.

  47. 47.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat,” pg. 16.

  48. 48.

    Freedom House, “Democracy in Retreat,” pg. 17.

  49. 49.

    Murray, The Strange Death of Europe.

  50. 50.

    Greene, Joshua, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press 2013); Held, David, Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Reality (New York: Polity 2010).

  51. 51.

    Haidt, Jonathan, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion (New York: Vintage Press 2013).

  52. 52.

    Rubin, Gabriel, “The Global Normative Order: A Call for International Individual Rights in a World of States,” in Kethineni, Sesha ed., Comparative and International Policing, Justice, and Transnational Crime, 3rd edition (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press 2020), pgs. 173–200.

  53. 53.

    See European laws to limit the heights of the minarets on mosques and to ban kosher and halal meat as described, for instance, in Laurence, John, “Europe’s Failure to Integrate Muslims,” The Brookings Institute, 15 March 2012, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/europes-failure-to-integrate-muslims/.

  54. 54.

    Orgad, Liav. “Illiberal Liberalism: Cultural Restrictions on Migration and Access to Citizenship in Europe,” The American Journal of Comparative Law 58: 1 (2010), pgs. 58–62.

  55. 55.

    Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract (Amsterdam, Netherlands 1762); Cohen, Joshua, Philosophy, Politics, Democracy: Selected Essays (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009).

  56. 56.

    Collier, Paul, Exodus: How Migration is Changing Our World (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press 2013).

  57. 57.

    BBC, “Greece elections: Center-right Regains Power under Kyriatos Misotakis,” BBC, 8 July 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48902766.

  58. 58.

    Wendt, Chris and Gabriel Rubin. “Explaining Xenophobic Outcomes in Post-Communist Russia,” Presented at 2009 American Political Science Association annual meeting in Toronto, Canada, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1450285.

  59. 59.

    Burg, Steven L., and Paul S. Shoup, The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe 1999); Gourevitch, Philip, We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow we will be Killed with our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 1998).

  60. 60.

    Schmitt, Carl, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, translated by Kennedy, Ellen (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2000); Rubin, Gabriel, Freedom and Order: How Democratic Governments Restrict Civil Liberties after Terrorist Attacks—and Why Sometimes They Don’t (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 2011).

  61. 61.

    Csaky, Zselyke, “Hungary and Serbia have found new ways to smother the media,” The Washington Post, 5 June 2019.

  62. 62.

    Zakaria, Fareed, “Democracy is decaying worldwide. America isn’t immune,” The Washington Post, 22 February 2018.

  63. 63.

    Kelley, Colleen Elizabeth, Post-9/11 American Presidential Rhetoric: A Study of Protofascist Discourse (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 2007).

  64. 64.

    Roth, Clare, “UNHCR sees anti-immigrant rhetoric rise despite arrival declines,” Reuters, 30 January 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-unhcr/unhcr-sees-anti-migrant-rhetoric-rise-despite-arrivals-decline-idUSKCN1PO2DO.

  65. 65.

    Natter, Katharina, “Rethinking immigration policy theory beyond ‘Western liberal democracies,’” Comparative Migration Studies 6: 4 (2018), pg. 7.

  66. 66.

    De Leon, The Land of Open Graves catalogues the ebb and flow of undocumented migration in his appendices; Shepp, Jonah, “The Rise of the Far Right is a Global Security Threat,” New York Magazine, 9 May 2019, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/05/rise-of-the-far-right-is-a-global-security-threat.html.

  67. 67.

    Berger, Suzanne, How We Compete: What Companies Around the World are Doing to Make It in Today’s Global Economy (New York: Crown Business 2005).

  68. 68.

    The October 21, 2017 issue’s front cover declared the following sobriquet: “Left Behind: How to Help Places Hurt by Globalisation.” The article in question is The Economist, “Globalisation has marginalized many regions in the rich world,” 21 October 2017, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2017/10/21/globalisation-has-marginalised-many-regions-in-the-rich-world. For more on this topic see Case, Anne and Angus Deaton, Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism  (Princeton, NJ: University of Princeton Press 2020).

  69. 69.

    Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation (Boston, MA: Beacon Press 2001).

  70. 70.

    Blake, Aaron, “Trump’s Full Inauguration Speech, Annotated,” The Washington Post, 20 January 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trumps-full-inauguration-speech-transcript-annotated/?utm_term=.40d0fdf0ba70.

  71. 71.

    Murray, Douglas, The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (New York: Bloomsbury 2018).

  72. 72.

    Natter, “Rethinking immigration policy theory beyond ‘Western liberal democracies,’” pg. 5.

  73. 73.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 292.

  74. 74.

    Crawford, Alan, “Air Runs Thin for World’s Populists,” Bloomberg, 27 November 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2020-11-27/air-runs-thin-for-world-s-populists.

  75. 75.

    Nossiter, Adam, “Macron’s Rightward Tilt, Seen in New Laws, Sows Wider Alarm in France,” The New York Times, 25 November 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/world/europe/france-macron-muslims-police-laws.html.

  76. 76.

    Brumfiel, Geoff, “Countries Slammed Borders Shut to Stop Coronavirus. But Is It Doing Any Good?,” NPR, 15 May 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/15/855669867/countries-slammed-their-borders-shut-to-stop-coronavirus-but-is-it-doing-any-goo.

  77. 77.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pg. 52.

  78. 78.

    Jones, Reece. Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move. (New York: Verso 2016), pgs. 64–66.

  79. 79.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 94.

  80. 80.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 94.

  81. 81.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 246.

  82. 82.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 247.

  83. 83.

    Hadley, Stephen, “Q & A: On the Risks of Isolationism,” United States Institute of Peace, 13 February 2012, https://www.usip.org/publications/2012/02/qa-risks-isolationism.

  84. 84.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pg. 55.

  85. 85.

    Marshall, The Age of Walls, pgs. 2, 52.

  86. 86.

    Rubin, Robert E. and David Miliband, “Borders Won’t Protect Your Country from Coronavirus,” The New York Times, 6 July 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/opinion/coronavirus-aid-miliband.html.

  87. 87.

    Low, Luisa, “A post-pandemic world: will populations be on the move?,” University of Sydney, 11 June 2020, https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2020/06/11/a-post-pandemic-world%2D%2Dwill-populations-be-on-the-move-.html.

  88. 88.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 256.

  89. 89.

    Schuck, Peter, Citizens, Strangers and In-Betweens: Essays on Immigration and Citizenship (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1998), pg. 345.

  90. 90.

    Gerstle, Gary, America Crucible: Race and Nation (Princeton, NJ: University of Princeton Press 2001), pg. 3.

  91. 91.

    Schuck, Citizens, Strangers and In-Betweens, pgs. 25–6.

  92. 92.

    Gerstle, American Crucible.

  93. 93.

    Kendi, Ibram X., How to be an Antiracist (New York: One World 2019), pgs. 130–2.

  94. 94.

    Kendi, How to be an Antiracist, pg. 130.

  95. 95.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 156.

  96. 96.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 153.

  97. 97.

    Rawlence, Ben, City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World’s Largest Refugee Camp. New York: Picador (2016).

  98. 98.

    The Economist, “Burundi and Tanzania: No Haven,” The Economist, 5 December 2020.

  99. 99.

    Jones, Reece. Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move. (New York: Verso 2016), pgs. 62–4.

  100. 100.

    Saunders, Doug, Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History is Reshaping Our World (New York: Pantheon Books 2010), pgs. 18–9.

  101. 101.

    Saunders, Arrival City, pg. 25.

  102. 102.

    Ahmed, Akbar, The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press 2013).

  103. 103.

    Piazza, James A., “Incubators of Terror: Do Failed or Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?,” International Studies Quarterly 52 (2008): 469–488.

  104. 104.

    De Conink, David, Christine Ogan and Leen d’Haenens, “Can ‘the Other’ Ever Become ‘One of Us’?: Comparing Turkish and European Attitudes toward Refugees: A five-year exploratory study,” The International Communication Gazette 0 (0), pg. 17.

  105. 105.

    De Conink, et al., “Can ‘the Other’ Ever Become ‘One of Us’?,” pg. 16.

  106. 106.

    Pearlman, Wendy, We Crossed a Bridge and It Trembled: Voices from Syria (New York: Custom House 2017), pg. 283.

  107. 107.

    Ahram, Ariel, Break all the Borders: Separatism and the Reshaping of the Middle East (New York: University of Oxford Press 2019); McCants, William, The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State (New York: St. Martin’s Press 2015).

  108. 108.

    Levitsky, Steven and Daniel Ziblatt, How Democracies Die (New York: Crown 2018).

  109. 109.

    Pape, Robert A., “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review 97: 3 (August 2003): 343-361.

  110. 110.

    De Leon, Land of Open Graves; Jones, Violent Borders; Kingsbury, The New Odyssey.

  111. 111.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, pg. 231.

  112. 112.

    Polakow-Suransky, Go Back to Where You Came From, chap. 14.

  113. 113.

    Ruhs, Martin, The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2013), pgs. 30–4.

  114. 114.

    Ruhs, The Price of Rights, pg. 134.

  115. 115.

    Ruhs, The Price of Rights, pgs. 176–7.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA

    Gabriel Rubin

Authors
  1. Gabriel Rubin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriel Rubin .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rubin, G. (2021). Idealism, Integration or Illiberalism?: Global Futures for Immigration after Covid-19. In: Migration and Radicalization. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69399-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69399-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69398-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69399-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation