Skip to main content

Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainability in the Maritime Domain

Part of the book series: Strategies for Sustainability ((STSU))

Abstract

Due to steady advancement and implementation of digitalization and automation technology, autonomous operations are slowly pervading all transportation sectors. In maritime sector, the industry and regulatory bodies are in active debate regarding the implementation mechanism, the operational, regulatory and safety aspects of such changes. The introduction of autonomous shipping in various degrees will have an impact on the fundamental ways various maritime operations are conducted. A change in work processes and roles within the sector would mean that the associated education and training for the seafarers will have to be adapted to meet the novel competence demands. In this chapter, we will discuss the maritime autonomous operations on the basis of prevailing trends in the maritime sector and their implications for Maritime Education and Training (MET). The directions and perceived solutions that can potentially aid in preparing for challenges and opportunities autonomous operations would entail will be elaborated upon. This chapter examines how digital technologies are changing the approach towards education and training, specifically with relation to maritime domain. The need to cultivate appropriate digital skills, information processing skills as well as other nontechnical skills is also highlighted. The aim is to provide a conceptual roadmap that shed lights on some of the ongoing developments occurring with respect to Maritime Education and Training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barnett, M., Gatfield, D., & Pekcan, C. (2006). Non-technical skills: the vital ingredient in world maritime technology. In Proceedings of the International Conference on world maritime technology. London, UK (pp 1–11) Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented Reality in education–cases, places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.889400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buttussi, F., & Chittaro, L. (2017). Effects of different types of virtual reality display on presence and learning in a safety training scenario. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 24(2), 1063-1076 https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2017.2653117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. (2006). Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC. Antiquity, 80(307), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0009325X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, W. E., & Carter, M. S. (2010). The age of sail: A time when the fortunes of nations and lives of seamen literally turned with the winds their ships encountered at sea. The Journal of Navigation, 63(4), 717-731. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA528454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fjeld, G. P., Tvedt, S. D., & Oltedal, H. (2018). Bridge officers’ non-technical skills: a literature review. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 17(4), 475-495. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2002.1115100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fjeld, M., & Voegtli, B. M. (2002). Augmented chemistry: An interactive educational workbench. In Proceeding of International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (pp. 259–321). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR.2002.1115100

  • Flin, R. H., O’Connor, P., & Crichton, M. (2008). Safety at the sharp end: a guide to non-technical skills. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, D. (1997). Steam at Sea: Two centuries of steam-powered ships. Conway Maritime Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 42(5), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0173-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hareide, O. S., & Porathe, T. (2019). Maritime augmented reality. Coordinates Magasine, February issue, (pp. 31–35). https://mycoordinates.org/maritime-augmented-reality/ (Accessed 02 April 2020)

  • Jensen, L., & Konradsen, F. (2018). A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies, 23(4), 1515–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9676-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, T. E., Sharma, A., Gausdal, A. H., & Chae, C. J. (2019). Impact of automation technology on gender parity in maritime industry. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 18(4), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00176-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klopfer, E., & Squire, K. (2008). Environmental Detectives—the development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations. Educational technology research and development, 56(2), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-007-9037-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komianos, A. (2018). The Autonomous Shipping Era. Operational, Regulatory, and Quality Challenges. TransNav: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 12(2) 335-348. https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.12.02.15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kooij, C., Loonstijn, M. & Hekkenberg, R.G. & Visser, K. (2018). Towards autonomous shipping: Operational challenges of unmanned short sea cargo vessels. In Proceedings of the Marine Design XIII, Helsinki, Finland (pp 871–880). Taylor & Francis

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzhoft, M., Hynnekleiv, A., Earthy, J. V., & Petersen, E. S. (2019). Human-centred maritime autonomy-An ethnography of the future. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (pp. 12-32). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1357/1/012032/meta

  • International Maritime Organization (IMO) (2017). International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, (STCW) 1978, as amended in 1995/2010. International Maritime Organisation, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallam, S. C., Nazir, S., Renganayagalu, S. K., Ernstsen, J., Veie, S., & Edwinson, A. E. (2018). Design of Experiment Comparing Users of Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays and Desktop Computers. In Proeedings of the Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 240–249). Springer, Cham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallam, S.C., Nazir, S & Sharma, A. (2019). The human element in future Maritime Operations – perceived impact of autonomous shipping. Ergonomics, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2019.1659995

  • Milgram, P., & Kishino, F. (1994). A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, E77-D (12), 1321-1329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marion, N., Septseault, C., Boudinot, A., & Querrec, R. (2007). Gaspar: Aviation management on an aircraft carrier using virtual reality. In 2007 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW’07) (pp. 15-22). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) (2017). 98th Session. 7–16 June 2017. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/Pages/MSC-98th-session.aspx (accessed on 2 April 2020).

  • Norwegian Shipowner Association (2018). Think Ocean. Maritime Outlook Report 2018. http://www.rederi.no/ (Accessed 02 April 2020)

  • Nazir, S., Kluge, A., & Manca, D. (2014). Can immersive virtual environments make the difference in training industrial operators. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Europe Chapter, (pp. 251-265).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazir, S., Totaro, R., Brambilla, S., Colombo, S., & Manca, D. (2012). Virtual reality and augmented-virtual reality as tools to train industrial operators. In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30 (pp. 1397-1401). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oranburg, S. (2020). Distance Education in the Time of Coronavirus: Quick and Easy Strategies for Professors. Available at SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3553911 (Accessed 02 April 2020).

  • O’Neil, H. F., Mayer, R. E., Herl, H. E., Niemi, C., Olin, K., & Thurman, R. A. (2000). Instructional strategies for virtual aviation training environments. In Aircrew training and assessment, 105-130. CRC Press, 1 July 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Porathe, T. (2019). Interaction Between Manned and Autonomous Ships: Automation Transparency. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (ICMASSS 2018) (pp. 41-46) SINTEF proceedings

    Google Scholar 

  • Renganayagalu, S. K., Mallam, S., Nazir, S., Ernstsen, J., & Haavardtun, P. (2019). Impact of simulation fidelity on student self-efficacy and perceived skill development in maritime training. TransNav: International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 13 (3). 663-669. https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.13.03.25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safety4Sea (2019). Maritime industry needs to do more to mitigate skills gap. Link: https://safety4sea.com/maritime-industry-needs-to-do-more-to-mitigate-skills-gap/. Date accessed: 11th March 2021

  • Riva, G. (2002). Virtual reality for health care: the status of research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493102760147213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A., Kim, T., Nazir, S., & Chae, C. (2019). Catching up with time? Examining the STCW competence framework for autonomous shipping. In Proceedings of the Ergoship Conference, Haugesund, Norway (pp. 24–25). HVL open

    Google Scholar 

  • Stopford, M. (2009). Maritime economics 3e: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellberg, C., & Lundin, M. (2018). Tasks and instructions on the simulated bridge: Discourses of temporality in maritime training. Discourse Studies, 20(2), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445617734956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD. (2019). Review of Maritime Transport 2019. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2019_en.pdf (Accessed 02 April 2020)

  • von Lukas, U., Vahl, M. and Mesing, B. (2014). Maritime applications of augmented reality–experiences and challenges. In International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (pp. 465–475). Springer, Cham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y. and Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & education, 62, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WMU (2019). Transport 2040: Automation, Technology, Employment - The Future of Work. World Maritime University. https://commons.wmu.se/lib_reports/58/. https://doi.org/10.21677/itf.20190104

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salman Nazir .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sharma, A., Kim, TE., Nazir, S. (2021). Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training. In: Carpenter, A., Johansson, T.M., Skinner, J.A. (eds) Sustainability in the Maritime Domain. Strategies for Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69325-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics