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The Construction and Reception of Montand’s Public Image

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Yves Montand in the USSR

Abstract

The Soviet mass media created the image of Montand as an admired celebrity in the Soviet Union. It constructed his fame by importing, domesticating and promoting his films, recordings and photographs, and translating books from the West, along with their own domestic production of radio programmes, newsreels, and newspaper and journal articles. A variety of media, which reached nearly all Soviet citizens, succeeded in promoting the idea of Montand as a progressive, pro-Soviet, world-class artist whose viewpoints supported the newly launched policy of peaceful coexistence. Although the Soviet media succeeded in creating a coherent image of Montand’s Soviet tour, it could not fully control its public reception. In general, Montand appealed to a variety of social groups, but along with feverish enthusiasm, the tour also generated indifference and opposition. The widespread Montand mania and the overtly positive treatment of Montand in the official media, together with a sense of social inequality, elicited ironic and negative responses among many members of the public. The reactions of the Soviet people reveal tensions arising from different expectations between the visitors and the hosts during the tour.

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Notes

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  16. 16.

    Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 86–87; Gordienko, Iv Montan, 181–182.

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    Interview with Alexey Veshkin (b. 1961). Interview by Anastasia Kurasheva, 28 September 2019, Moscow. Peer-review of the transcript by Darya Artemova; Interview with Valentina Bogun (b. 1936), 29 September 2019, Shchokino, Tula region, Russian Federation. Interview by Angelina Naumova, peer-review of the transcript by Darya Umanets.

  18. 18.

    Interview with Anna (b. 1999), 8 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Daria Khokhlova, peer-review by Anna Ostapenko; Interview with Alexey Veshkin (b. 1961); Interview with Alexander Kolibersky (b. 1946), Moscow, 28 September 2019. Interview by Anna Koliberskaya, peer-review of the transcript by Alexandra Mikhaylidi; Interview with Natalia Isaakovna Muchinskaya (b. 1945) 30 September 2019, Moscow. Interview by Yana Parshina, peer-review of the interview transcript by Angelina Naumova; Interview with Iya Pavlenina (b. 1944) and Valentin Pavlenin (b. 1941), 18 October 2019, Yekaterinburg, Russia. Interview by Lidia Larkina, peer-review of interview transcript by Daria Khokhlova; Interview with Valentina Bogun (b. 1936).

  19. 19.

    ‘To Ivan Vorontsov from Ivan Montand’ Smena 30 June 1956, 3; Izvestia Friday 21 December 1956, 3; G. Aleksandrov. 1955. ‘The French Film Week.’ Pravda 17 October 1955, 3.

  20. 20.

    See Appendix 1.

  21. 21.

    Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug …’, 88.

  22. 22.

    See Appendix 1.

  23. 23.

    The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC ) was established in 1952, and the Soviet Union joined the convention in 1973. Evgeniya Kondrashina. 2019. ‘Soviet Music Recordings and Cold War Cultural Relations.’ In Entangled East and West: Cultural Diplomacy and Artistic Interaction during the Cold War, edited by Simo Mikkonen, Jari Parkkinen and Giles Scott-Smith, 193–215. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 205; Herrala, ‘Challenges for Soviet-American Collaboration in the Cold War’, 8; David MacFadyen. 2001. Red Stars : Personality and the Soviet Popular Song, 1955–1991. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 7.

  24. 24.

    Kondrashina, ‘Soviet Music Recordings and Cold War Cultural Relations’, 197–198.

  25. 25.

    A letter from the director of Art. Technique and Commerce of Disques ‘Odéon’ and disques de ‘La Musique au Vatican’ to Sergei Obraztsov, dated in Paris on 2 July 1958. RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 1230, 17.

  26. 26.

    Interview with a person (b. 1945), 8 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Yana Parshina, peer-review of the interview transcript by Angelina Naumova; Interview with Iya Pavlenina (b. 1944) and Valentin Pavlenin (b. 1941); L. Raskin. 1955. ‘A Friendly Meeting’ Ogonek March (No 12) 1955, 29.

  27. 27.

    Gilburd, ‘The Revival of Soviet Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s’, 366.

  28. 28.

    Kondrashina, ‘Soviet Music Recordings and Cold War Cultural Relations’, 196, 198, 205–206; Cadra Peterson McDaniel. 2001. American–Soviet Cultural Diplomacy: The Bolshoi Ballet’s American Premiere. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, xix; MacFayden, Red Stars, 10–11.

  29. 29.

    Kondrashina, ‘Soviet Music Recordings and Cold War Cultural Relations’, 205–206, 215.

  30. 30.

    Kondrashina, ‘Soviet Music Recordings and Cold War Cultural Relations’, 194.

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    Pol’chasa v Parizhe. Poiut frantsuzskie shanson’e. Leningrad: Akkord, 1961.

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    Nikolai Drachinskii. 1955. ‘Workers’ festival in Paris’ Ogonek September 1955 (No 39), 22; P. Borisov. 1955. ‘Authors of the films that we will see.’ Smena 18 October 1955, 3.

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    G. Rassadin. 1955. ‘A warm meeting. Visiting French actors.’ Ogonek October 1955 (no 42), 28–29.

  34. 34.

    R. Izmailova. 1955. ‘The Singer of Paris.’ Ogonek March 1955 (No 11), 40–41; Frantsuzskie piesny iz repertuara Iva Montana 1956 and 1957; Poet Iv Montan 1956 and 1957, circulation varying from 15,000 to 50,000 copies.

  35. 35.

    An article published in Literaturnaja gazeta (15 May 1956) refers to the memoirs published in ‘Inostrannaja literatura’; Solntsem polna golova. Biblioteka Ogonek No 37 1956. Izdatel’stvo ‘Pravda’, Moskva. Translation by O. Obraztsova and N. Naumov; Maksim Rylskii. 1955. ‘Noble duties.’ Pravda 13 December 1955, 3; ‘Head full of Sun. Yves Montand.’ Komsomolskaja Pravda 7 February 1956, 3; S. Andreiev-Krivich. 1956. ‘Yves Montand tells…’ Literaturnaja gazeta 15 May 1956; Also Komsomolskaia Pravda 7 February 1956, 3 and Vechernaia Moskva May 1956. Collection of newspaper clippings from Sergei Obraztsov’s collections from the year 1956. The names and dates of the articles are not visible, but the approximate publication dates are in spring 1956. RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 1270.

  36. 36.

    Yves Montand and Jean Denys. 1956. Solntsem polna golova, translated by M. Kocharian. Moskova: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo ‘Iskusstvo’; Yves Montand and Jean Denys. 1956. Solntsem polna golova, translated by Olga Obraztsova and K. Naumov. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo TsK VLKSM ‘Molodaia Gvardija’.

  37. 37.

    Draft of a letter from Olga Aleksandrova Obraztsova to Yves Montand and the publishing house Éditeurs français déunis, dated in Moscow 20 April 1956. RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 1440; Letter of A.R. to Olga Aleksandrovna Obraztsova from Riga to Moscow, dated 1 July 1956. RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 1440, 2; a short note from Obraztsov to Montand [no name of the recipient], dated 21 August 1956. RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 270, 2–3.

  38. 38.

    Image of the both sides of the postcard was accessed through the Internet-based buy-and-sell portal Meshok meshok.net in November 2018.

  39. 39.

    Image of the both sides of the postcard was accessed through the Internet-based buy-and-sell portal Meshok meshok.net in November 2018.

  40. 40.

    Gilburd, To See Paris and Die, 158, 204.

  41. 41.

    Interview with Alexey Veshkin (b. 1961).

  42. 42.

    Montand and Denys, Solntsem polna golova, translated by M. Kocharian.

  43. 43.

    Collection of Montand postcards, the Russian State Library collections in Moscow; Images of the postcards at the Internet-based buy-and-sell portal Meshok meshok.net in November 2018. See Appendix B.

  44. 44.

    ‘For the expected arrival of Yves Montand in the USSR. When a long-distance friend sings.’ A drawing by E. Gorohov. Krokodil 10 November 1956, (No 31), 35.

  45. 45.

    R. Bergeron. 1956. ‘On the eve of the departure.’ Literaturnaja gazeta No 149, 1956, 4.

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    ‘Yves Montand in Moscow.’ Pravda 18 December 1956, 4; ‘Arrival of Yves Montand to Moscow’ Izvestia 18 December 1956, 4.

  47. 47.

    ‘Yves Montand’s Concerts-’ Pravda 27 December 1956, 1; ‘Yves Montand’s Concerts.’ Izvestia 27 December 1956, 1.

  48. 48.

    Literaturnaja gazeta 18 December 1956, 1.

  49. 49.

    ‘Turn 10 207.’ Literaturnaja gazeta 18 December 1956, 1.

  50. 50.

    Literaturnaja gazeta 18 December 1956, 1.

  51. 51.

    Film description of the film ‘Singer of Paris’, version I, dated 15 December 1956 and version II, dated 21 December 1956. RGALI f 2487 o 1 e 560, 37, 45; an early version of the script of the ‘Yves Montand Sings’ documentary film by Mikhail Slutskii and Sergei Yutkevich, no date [February 1957]. RGALI f 2487 o 1 e 560, 26.

  52. 52.

    ‘Yves Montand’s Concert.’ Pravda 3 January 1957, 4; ‘Yves Montand’s Concerts in Moscow Have Finished.’ Izvestia 3 January 1957, 4; ‘Yves Montand visits Leningrad Youth.’ Smena 10 January 1957, 1; Interview with Iya Pavlenina (b. 1944) and Valentin Pavlenin (b. 1941).

  53. 53.

    ‘Yves Montand’s Departure from Moscow.’ Pravda 20 January 1957, 6; Nechkina, Militsa Vasilevna, historian and academic, born 1901—55 years, diary entry on 2 January 1957. https://prozhito.org/note/210831, accessed 10 March 2020.

  54. 54.

    ‘Montand’s First Concert.’ Pravda 20 December 1956, 4; ‘Montand’s First Concert.’ Izvestia 20 December 1956, 4; ‘Singer of simple people.’ Izvestia 21 December 1956, 3; Nik. Smirnov-Sokol’skii. 1956. ‘Sound of Heart’. Literaturnaja gazeta 22 December 1956, 3.

  55. 55.

    S. Obraztsov. 1956. ‘What Montand Sings About?’ Pravda 23 December 1956, 4.

  56. 56.

    S. Obraztsov. 1956. ‘What Montand Sings About?’ Pravda 23 December 1956, 4.

  57. 57.

    ‘For the First Time in the Soviet Land.’ Pravda 31 December 1956, 6; (Montand’s handwritten greetings to Izvestia readers) Izvestia 1 January 1957, 4; ‘Two Meetings.’ Ogonek 1/1957 (January), 26.

  58. 58.

    ‘Singer of Paris Visiting Us.’ Moskovskii Avtozavodets 4 January 1957.

  59. 59.

    ‘Singer of Paris Visiting Us.’ Moskovskii Avtozavodets 4 January 1957.

  60. 60.

    ‘Yves Montand’s Departure from Moscow.’ Pravda 20 January 1957, 6.

  61. 61.

    Interview with Zoya Alexandrovna Fedotova (b. 1926), 7 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Ilya Lukhovitskiy, peer-review of the transcript by Jana Parshina.

  62. 62.

    Interview with Olga Isaakovna Amosova (b. 1946), 19 and 22 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Darya Umanets, peer-review of the transcript by Anastasia Kurasheva.

  63. 63.

    Interview with Elena Dellanoy (b. 1966) 21 September 2019, Lille (France). Interview by Maria Korenko and Marina Zucconi, peer-review of the transcript by Ilya Lukhovitskiy.

  64. 64.

    Interview with Anna (b. 1999); Interview with Elena Dellanoy (b. 1966); Interview with Yakov (b. 1998), 10 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Alexander Bespalov and Sofia Kuznetsova, peer-review of transcription by Maksim Larichev; Interview with Tatiana Chaykovskaya (b. 1941), 2 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Maria Korenko, peer-review of the transcript by Ivan Karnaukhov.

  65. 65.

    Gilburd, ‘The Revival of Soviet Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s’, 366.

  66. 66.

    Interview with Fedotova b. 1926; Krasnikova, ‘Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 92.

  67. 67.

    Gordienko, Iv Montan, 203.

  68. 68.

    Interview with Iya Pavlenina (b. 1944) and Valentin Pavlenin (b. 1941); Krasnikova, ‘Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 94.

  69. 69.

    See, for example, RGALI f 2732 op 2 e 522; f 3068 o 3 e 1889; 1890; 1893; 1894; 1896; 1901; 1905; 1908; f 2620 o 1 e 856; 1050; f 2932 o 3 e 1504; 1505; f 3002 o 1 e 630; f 3043 o 1 e 177; f 3058 o 1 e 508.

  70. 70.

    Interview with Oleg Arkadievich Dmitriev (b.1968), 3 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Alexandra Mikhaylidi, peer-review of the interview transcript by Maria Korenko.

  71. 71.

    A letter of Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Zorin of the I European division of the Soviet Ministry for Foreign Affairs to the Vice-Minister of Culture Orvid, dated 29 October 1956. RGALI f 2329 o 8 e 365, 60.

  72. 72.

    A letter of the director of the Central Studio for Documentary Film V. Golovjan to Vice-Minister of Culture Orvid, dated 11 December 1956. RGALI f 2329 o 8 e 365, 59.

  73. 73.

    Alena V. Ledeneva. 1998. Russia’s Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–34.

  74. 74.

    Interview with Alexey Veshkin (b. 1961); Gordienko, Iv Montan, 198.

  75. 75.

    Interview with Oleg Arkadievich Dmitriev (b.1968).

  76. 76.

    Interview with Anna (b. 1999); Interview with Tatiana Kinzhalova (b. ~early 1940s), 15 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Elizaveta Karpova and Maxim Larichev, peer-review of the transcript by Lidia Larkina.

  77. 77.

    A letter from A.A. Yablochkina, the chairperson of the board of the All-Russian Theater Association, to the Vice-Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union Georgi Orvid dated 18 December 1956. RGALI f 2329 o 8 e 365, 57; a telegram sent to the Department of External Connections at the Ministry of Culture Slavnov from VTO Cherkasov and the representative of the House of Arts of Stanislavski Makarev in Leningrad , dated (6 December 1956). RGALI f 2329 o 8 e 365, 58.

  78. 78.

    Letter of Elena Petrovna Agrintseva to Sergei Vladimirovich Obraztsov with attached letter to Yves Montand in French, dated in Leningrad 23 December 1956, RGALI f 2732 o 1 e 312, 1–2.

  79. 79.

    Interview with Natalia Isaakovna Muchinskaya (b. 1945).

  80. 80.

    Interview with Elena Dellanoy (b. 1966); Gordienko, Iv Montan, 197–198.

  81. 81.

    Interview with Elena Dellanoy (b. 1966); Interview with Alexey Veshkin (b. 1961); Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 92; Gordienko, Iv Montan, 198.

  82. 82.

    Interview with Elena (b. 1966) 10 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Alexander Bespalov and Sofia Kuznetsova, peer-review of the transcript by Elizaveta Karpova.

  83. 83.

    Interview correspondence with Karina (b. 1985), 10 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Alexander Bespalov and Sofia Kuznetsova.

  84. 84.

    Interview with Michael Lakshin (b. 1939), WhatsUp/Rostov-on-Don, 6 October 2019. Interview by Darya Artemova, peer-review of interview transcript by Sofia Kuznetsova.

  85. 85.

    Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 93.

  86. 86.

    Interview with Lydia Korenko (b. 1939), 16 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Maria Korenko, peer-review of the transcript by Polina Protasova.

  87. 87.

    Interview with Yakov (b. 1998).

  88. 88.

    Simone Signoret. 1978. Nostalgia Isn’t What It Used to Be. New York: Harper and Row, 178; ‘I togda Iv Montan sprosil Khrushcheva: Zachem?’ Ogonek No 19, 19 May 2004, accessible through https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2293608; Gordienko, Iv Montan, 204.

  89. 89.

    Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 11; DTS TV Channel: RTR Planeta Programme: Historical Chronicles with Nikolay Svanidze, at 0:32:07.

  90. 90.

    Fyodor Abramov’s diary, 1 February 1957. Accessed at the private archive of Abramov’s widow by Anatoly Pinsky.

  91. 91.

    Fyodor Abramov’s diary, 1 February 1957.

  92. 92.

    Interview with Iya Pavlenina (b. 1944) and Valentin Pavlenin (b. 1941); Krasnikova, ’Kogda poet dalekii drug ’, 94.

  93. 93.

    Relikva: https://relikva.com/@dmitrii-kozlov/r/poema_iv_montan_i_drugie, accessed 20 February 2017.

  94. 94.

    Poema pro Iva Montana, Literary portal ‘Mir poezii’, http://mirpoezylit.ru/books/5852/1/, accessed 26 March 2020; Username ‘oldporuchik’ at Livejournal, https://oldporuchik.livejournal.com/14963.html , accessed 26 March 2020, and Coollib, https://coollib.com/b/365942-vladimir-solomonovich-polyakov-poema-pro-iva-montana/readp, accessed 26 March 2020.

  95. 95.

    Comments by Anonymous on 12 January 2017 at https://oldporuchik.livejournal.com/14963.html.

  96. 96.

    Poema pro Iva Montana; Username ‘oldporuchik’ at Livejournal; Coollib.

  97. 97.

    Group interview with Tatyana Chaykovskaya, Alexandr Zotov, Nadezhda Musina, Ekaterina Korenko and Galina Zotova, 23 October 2019, Moscow. Interview by Maria Korenko.

  98. 98.

    ‘From all over.’ Iskusstvo kino 01/1957 (31 January 1957); ‘From all over.’ Iskusstvo kino 03/1957 (31 March 1957); ‘Hello our friends!’ Iskusstvo kino 7/1957 (31 July 1957); ‘Filmography.’ Iskusstvo kino 7/1957 (31 July 1957); ‘Filmography.’ Iskusstvo kino 11/1957 (30 November 1957); A. Kovalenkov. 1958. ‘Labzin.’ Ogonek 1 June 1958 (No 24), 28–29.

  99. 99.

    V. Komissarzhevskii. 1957. ‘Montand Again!’ Iskusstvo kino 9/1957 (30 September 1957), 77–78.

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Oiva, M., Salmi, H., Johnson, B. (2021). The Construction and Reception of Montand’s Public Image. In: Yves Montand in the USSR. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69048-9_6

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