Abstract
According to the policy cycle approach, the third stage of public policy after the agenda-setting and formulation is “implementation.” There are three main views on policy implementation in the literature: top-down approach, bottom-up approach, and hybrid approach. One of the most important contributions of policy implementation studies to the field of public administration is that practice research has brought new perspectives on the character of modern bureaucracies in ongoing discussions on public administration and organizational theory. For example, implementation analysis shows that administrative actors have their own political goals and use their initiative to achieve their respective goals rather than the goals defined by the political authorities who are their superiors.
With regard to the stage of policy implementation, Turkey has made important changes with the presidential system of government. Comprehending the effects of political and administrative parameters and some other secondary factors on the fate of public policies in Turkey is of major importance. Among these, four will be discussed: (i) centralized political culture, (ii) conflict between politicians and bureaucrats, (iii) conflict between center and periphery, and (iv) issues related to accountability of public administration.
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Notes
- 1.
The full title of the book is the astonishing “Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland; or, Why It’s Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation.”
- 2.
The term “incremental” refers to progress in policy making in small steps. The punctuated equilibrium model developed by Jones and Baumgartner, which was discussed above, is based on a similar idea.
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- 4.
Mustafa Reşit Pasha (1800–1858) was the leading political figure of modernization period in the Otoman Empire marked by the declaration of Edict of Gulhane (Tanzimat Fermanı) in 1839.
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- 6.
Leading examples of such pressure groups are MÜSİAD (İndependent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association), TEGEV (Turkish Youth Foundation), TÜRGEV (Turkish Foundation for Youth and Service for Education), TOBB (Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges), and HAK-İŞ (Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions).
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Demir, F. (2021). Policy Implementation. In: Public Policy Making in Turkey. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68715-1_4
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