Abstract
This chapter considers Moscow's political evolution under Mayor Yury Luzhkov (1992–2010). It shows how the capital’s political turned into a business project and how Moscow evolved from a pro-Kremlin liberal bastion to the citadel of centrism opposed to the Kremlin in 1992–1999 and, then, in 2000–2010, from an anti-Kremlin centrist zone to the segment of political space loyal to the Putin regime. The chapter also reveals the most important factors in this evolution, first of all, the changing political preferences of the urban population’s wealthy and highly educated groups, and the main reasons and causes behind the resignation of Yuri Luzhkov in the fall of 2010. And, finally, it considers the hierarchy of Muscovites’ identities and basic features of their attitudes toward provincial Russia and Russians.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Percentages of valid ballots and not of those found in the voting boxes (Lyubarev 2001: 176).
- 2.
On his rise to power, see Hoffman (2011: 108–117).
- 3.
See also Ruble (1998: 81–87).
- 4.
See Frank (1997: 32–33).
- 5.
See Aron (2006).
- 6.
On the destruction of the old urban landscape of Moscow under Luzhkov, see Nemtsov and Milov (2010: 51–55).
- 7.
- 8.
On Elena Baturina's business, see Nemtsov and Milov (2010: 15–37).
- 9.
However, 77% said that neither the authorities nor the security services were capable of preventing such attacks in the future, and 63% blamed the tragedy on the security services and the Russian leadership.
- 10.
Although liberals received just 12.27% there.
- 11.
The so-called merry-go-round voting is a method of electoral fraud, when the same people are used for dummy voting at several sites.
- 12.
The question: “What ethnic group do you identify with in the second place?”
- 13.
For a large number of them it was their place of origin. Only 53.4% of Muscovites were born in Moscow (data from the early 2000s).
- 14.
Areas beyond the MKAD (Moscow Automobile Ring Road), a road encircling almost the entire territory of Old Moscow.
Bibliography
Argenbright, Robert. 2013. Moscow on the Rise: From Primate City to Megaregion. Geographical Review 103: 20–36.
Aron, Leon. 2006. The 2005 Moscow Election and the Future of Russian Politics: Report. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute. Available at https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20060110_ROWinter2006.pdf.
Borusyak, L. 2004. Patriotizm kak ksenofobiya (rezul’taty oprosa molodykh moskvichey). Vestnik Obshchestvennogo Mneniya: Dannye. Analiz 6 (74): 58–70.
Boxer, Vladimir. 2013. Vazhneishuyu rol’ imel prizyv Gaidara. Fond Egora Gaidara, October 2. Available at https://october93.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1778/.
Desyatyi (chrezvychainyi) S’ezd narodnykh deputatov Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 23 sentyabrya – 4 oktyabrya 1993 g. 2010. Moscow, vol. 1.
Dobrynina, Ekaterina. 2017. Ot lyubvi do nenavisti i obratno. Sociologi vyyasnili, o chem sporyat dve stolitsy i sposobny li ponyat’ drug druga Moskva i provintsiya. Rossiyskaya gazeta 250 (7416) (November 2).
Dondurej, Daniil. 2013. ‘Absolyutnoe bol'shinstvo’ grazhdan’ protiv ‘grazhdanskogo obshchestva’. Gefter, December 12. Available at https://gefter.ru/archive/10700.
Dorfman, Aleksandr. 2019. Pochemu v odnikh raionakh zhiteli aktivnee, chem v drugikh, i kto pridumyvaet mify ob okrainakh. Institut «Strelka», August 6. Available at https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moskvu-nepravilno-nazyvat-gorodom-eto-v-kakoi-to-stepeni-strana-a-kazhdyi-raion-v-nei-gorod-mikhail-aleksseevskii-ob-osobennostyakh-moskovskikh-raionov.
EMISS (Edinaya mezhvedomstvennaya informatsionno-statisticheskaya sistema). 2020. Dolya naseleniya s denezhnymi dokhodami nizhe velichiny prozhitochnogo minimuma, ustanovlennoy v sub'ekte Rossiiskoy Federatsii. Available at https://fedstat.ru/indicator/43713.
Frank, Peter. 1997. Getting Moscow on the Move. The World Today 53 (2).
FSGS (Federalnaya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki). 2009. Srednedushevye denezhnye dokhody naseleniya. Available at https://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_14p/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/05-02.htm.
FSGS. 2010. Valovoy regional'nyi produkt na dushu naseleniya. Available at https://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_14p/isswww.exe/Stg/d01/11-02.htm.
FSGS. 2011. Uroven’ bezrabotitsy. Available at https://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b11_14p/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/04-15.htm.
Hoffman, David E. 2011. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York: PublicAffairs.
Kolossov, V., and J. O’Loughlin. 2004. How Moscow Is Becoming a Capitalist Mega-City. International Social Science Journal 56 (181): 413–427.
“Kreml’ kritikuet Luzhkova za otpusk vo vremya smoga v Moskve”. 2010. Gazeta.ru, August 10. Available at https://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2010/08/10/n_1532094.shtml.
Krushelnitskaya, Olga. 2000. Moskvichi i provintsialy. Nezavisimaya gazeta, July 6.
Levada-Tsentr. 2003. Rossiyane o kritike vlasti v SMI; moskvichi dovol'nee zhizn'yu, chem rossiyane: Press-vypusk No. 4. October 8. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2003/10/08/press-vypusk-4-rossiyane-o-kritike-vlasti-v-smi-moskvichi-dovolnee-zhiznyu-chem-rossiyane/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2004. Moskvichi o sobytiyah v Beslane. September 8. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2004/09/08/moskvichi-o-sobytiyah-v-beslane/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2005. Moskvichi o deyatel'nosti moskovskikh vlastey. July 6. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2005/07/06/moskvichi-o-deyatelnosti-moskovskih-vlastej/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009a. Moskvichi o Luzhkove i vyborakh v Mosgordumu: dannye v dinamike. July 20. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/07/20/moskvichi-o-luzhkove-i-vyborah-v-mosgordumu-dannye-v-dinamike/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009b. Moskvichi o svoem blagosostoyanii. July 27. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/07/27/moskvichi-o-svoem-blagosostoyanii.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009c. Moskvichi o svoikh problemakh. October 5. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/10/05/moskvichi-o-svoih-problemah/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009d. Moskvichi o deyatel'nosti Yuriya Luzhkova. October 5. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/10/05/moskvichi-o-deyatelnosti-yuriya-luzhkova-3/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009e. Rossiyane o korrumpirovannosti Yuriya Luzhkova i Eleny Baturinoy. October 22. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/10/22/rossiyane-o-korrumpirovannosti-yuriya-luzhkova-i-eleny-baturinoj/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009f. Moskvichi o vyborakh v Mosgordumu 11 oktyabrya 2009 g[oda]. December 7. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/12/07/moskvichi-o-vyborah-v-mosgordumu-11-oktyabrya-2009-g/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009g. Moskvichi o svoem mehre. December 9. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/12/09/moskvichi-o-svoem-mere/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2009h. Moskvichi bol'she vsego boyatsya bezrabotitsy. December 13. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2009/12/13/moskvichi-bolshe-vsego-boyatsya-bezrabotitsy/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2010a. Moskvichi o korrumpirovannosti Yuriya Luzhkova. January 31. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2010/01/31/moskvichi-o-korrumpirovannosti-yuriya-luzhkova/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2010b. Moskvichi o deyatel'nosti Yuriya Luzhkova. February 2. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2010/02/02/moskvichi-o-deyatelnosti-yuriya-luzhkova/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2010c. Rossiyane o Yurii Luzhkove i informatsionnoy kampanii protiv nego. September 23. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2010/09/23/rossiyane-o-yurii-luzhkove-i-informatsionnoj-kampanii-protiv-nego/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2010d. Rossiyane ob otstavke Luzhkova. October 13. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2010/10/13/moskvichi-i-rossiyane-ob-otstavke-luzhkova/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2010e. Moskvichi otsenili deyatel'nost’ mehra. November 16. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2010/11/16/moskvichi-otsenili-deyatelnost-mera/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2012. Nashe ‘my’: Moskva vse-taki Rossiya. October 5. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2012/10/05/nashe-my-moskva-vse-taki-rossiya/.
Levada-Tsentr. 2014. Moskva i moskvichi. October 16. Available at https://www.levada.ru/2014/10/16/moskva-i-moskvichi/.
Luzhkov, Yury. 2017. Moskva i zhizn’ . Moscow: Eksmo.
Lyubarev, Arkady. 2001. Vybory v Moskve: opyt dvenadtsati let. 1989–2000. Moscow: Stol’nyj grad.
Lyubarev, Arkady. 2010. Vybory v Moskovskuyu gorodskuyu dumu: Khronika degradatsii vyborov. Rossiyskoe Ehlektoral’noe Obozrenie 1: 72–83.
“Moskva ne Sodom, provintsiya ne ad. O tom, perestali li provintsialy zavidovat’ moskvicham”. 2018. Gazeta.ru, January 18. Available at https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2018/01/18_e_11616884.shtml.
Nemtsov, Boris, and Vladimir Milov. 2010. Luzhkov. Itogi-2: nezavisimyi ehkspertnyi doklad. Moscow: Solidarnost’.
“Pochemu Rossiya nenavidit Moskvu?”. 2011. PolitOnLine.Ru, September 3. Available at https://www.politonline.ru/provocation/9192.html.
Proskurina, Olga, and Mariya Rozhkova. 2010. Luzhkov dopustil nepopravimuyu oshibku – pozvolil poyti v prezidenty Primakovu. Vedomosti, September 29. Available at https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2019/12/10/324943-luzhkov-dopustil-nepopravimuyu-oshibku.
Ruble, Blair A. 1998. The Future of Corporatism-II: The Rise of Moscow, Inc. The Wilson Quarterly 22 (2): 81–87.
Rutskoy, Aleksandr. 1993a. Ukaz prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii No. 19 Ob administratsii goroda Moskvy. September 24. GARF (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii) 10026-2-60-25-26.
Rutskoy, Aleksandr. 1993b. Ukaz prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii No. 34. October 1993. GARF 10026-2-60-52.
Shlosberg, Lev. 2008. Dym Otechestva. Oktyabr 1993-go goda okazal na rossiyskuyu politiku ne menshee deistvie, chem oktyabr 1917-go. Pskovskaya guberniya, October 8.
Stesin, Anatoly. 2018. Moskvichi priznalis’, pochemu nenavidyat ‘zamkadyshej’. June 9. Available at https://www.politonline.ru/provocation/9320.html.
Vendina, Ol.’ga. 2012. Moskovskaya identichnost’ i identichnost’ moskvichey. Izvestiya RAN. Ser. Geograficheskaya 5: 27–39.
Yeltsin, Boris. 1993a. Ukaz prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii No. 1594. O prekrashchenii polnomochiy Moskovskogo gorodskogo Soveta narodnykh deputatov, Zelenogradskogo gorodskogo Soveta narodnykh deputatov, raionnykh Sovetov narodnykh deputatov, poselkovykh i sel'skogo Sovetov narodnykh deputatov v g[orode] Moskve. Prezident Rossii, October 7. Available at www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/4554.
Yeltsin, Boris. 1993b. Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii No. 1738. O podderzhke mer pravitel'stva Moskvy i Moskovskogo oblastnogo Soveta narodnykh deputatov po reforme organov gosudarstvennoy vlasti i organov mestnogo samoupravleniya v g[orode] Moskve i Moskovskoy oblasti. Prezident Rossii, October 24. Available at www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/4677.
Yunashev, Aleksandr. 2010. Luzhkov ne vidit krizisa v Moskve. LifeNews, August 6. Available at https://life.ru/p/33786.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Glaser, M., Krivushin, I. (2021). Luzhkov’s Moscow: Antagonism—Agonism—Platonism. In: Moscow's Evolution as a Political Space. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68673-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68673-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-68672-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-68673-4
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)