Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diseases of the Vagina

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Practical Gynecologic Pathology

Part of the book series: Practical Anatomic Pathology ((PAP))

  • 868 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses the range of non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the vagina that may be encountered in the everyday practice of surgical pathology. The lesions discussed include infectious, developmental, benign, premalignant, and primary and secondary malignant lesions that affect the vagina, with a focus on morphologic and immunohistochemical features that aid in the diagnosis. The most common infectious causes of vaginitis, including bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoan, and parasitic agents as well as noninfectious causes are discussed. The characteristics of developmental disorders, such as imperforate hymen, and cystic lesions, such as Gartner’s duct cyst, are described. The features of pseudoneoplastic lesions such as fallopian tube prolapse, benign neoplasms such as squamous papilloma and premalignant squamous intraepithelial lesions are examined. Finally, primary malignancies, such as squamous cell carcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and melanoma, as well as common metastatic lesions that involve the vagina are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AFP:

Alpha-feto protein

AJCC:

American Joint Committee on Cancer

CD10:

Cluster designation or cluster of differentiation 10; also known as CALLA (common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen)

CD56:

Cluster designation or cluster of differentiation 56; also known as NCAM (neural-cell adhesion molecule)

CDX2:

Caudal type homeobox protein 2

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CIN:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CK 7:

Cytokeratin 7

CK 20:

Cytokeratin 20

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

DES:

Diethylstilbestrol

ER:

Estrogen receptor

EMA:

Epithelial membrane antigen

FIGO:

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

HIV:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HNF-1-beta:

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IUD:

Intrauterine device

LAST:

Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology

PAS:

Periodic acid-Schiff

PAX8:

Paired box gene 8

PR:

Progesterone receptor

SALL4:

Spalt like transcription factor 4

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

TTF1:

Thyroid transcription factor 1

TSST-1:

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1

VaIN:

Vaginal intraepithelial lesion

WT-1:

Wilms tumor protein 1

References

  1. Paavonen J, Brunham RC. Bacterial vaginosis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2246–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kurman RJ. Blaustein’s pathology of the female genital tract. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2019.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Lippes J. Pelvic actinomycosis: a review and preliminary look at prevalence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(2 Pt 1):265–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Paris AL, Herwaldt LA, Blum D, Schmid GP, Shands KN, Broome CV. Pathologic findings in twelve fatal cases of toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(6 Pt 2):852–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tumuhamye J, Steinsland H, Tumwine JK, Namugga O, Mukunya D, Bwanga F, et al. Vaginal colonisation of women in labour with potentially pathogenic bacteria: a cross sectional study at three primary health care facilities in Central Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE, Thomason JL, Wermeling DP, Bradley B, et al. Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Fluconazole Vaginitis Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(4 Pt 1):1263–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Beauman JG. Genital herpes: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(8):1527–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedmann W, Schafer A, Kretschmer R. CMV virus infection of the vulva and vagina. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1990;50(9):729–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mirmonsef P, Krass L, Landay A, Spear GT. The role of bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas in HIV transmission across the female genital tract. Curr HIV Res. 2012;10(3):202–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Kissinger P. Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:307.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Feldmeier H, Daccal RC, Martins MJ, Soares V, Martins R. Genital manifestations of schistosomiasis mansoni in women: important but neglected. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93(Suppl 1):127–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gelfand M, Ross MD, Blair DM, Weber MC. Distribution and extent of schistosomiasis in female pelvic organs, with special reference to the genital tract, as determined at autopsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971;20(6):846–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. de Mundi ZA, del Alamo CM, de Blas LL, San Cristobal AA. Egg of Trichuris trichiura in a vaginal smear. Acta Cytol. 1978;22:119–20.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sinniah B, Leopairut J, Neafie RC, Connor DH, Voge M. Enterobiasis: a histopathological study of 259 patients. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1991;85(6):625–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gardner HL, Fernet P. Etiology of vaginitis emphysematosa: report of ten cases and review of literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964;88:680–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lima-Silva J, Vieira-Baptista P, Cavaco-Gomes J, Maia T, Beires J. Emphysematous vaginitis. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2015;19(2):e43–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Murphy R, Edwards L. Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: what is it? J Reprod Med. 2008;53(2):124–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nucci MR, Parra-Herran C. Gynecologic pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lotan TL, Tefs K, Schuster V, Miller J, Manaligod J, Filstead A, et al. Inherited plasminogen deficiency presenting as ligneous vaginitis: a case report with molecular correlation and review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(10):1569–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sides C, Trinidad MC, Heitlinger L, Anasti J. Crohn disease and the gynecologic patient. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(1):51–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lucchese A, Dolci A, Minervini G, Salerno C, D DIS, Minervini G, et al. Vulvovaginal gingival lichen planus: report of two cases and review of literature. Oral Implantol (Rome). 2016;9(2):54–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Proppe KH, Scully RE, Rosai J. Postoperative spindle cell nodules of genitourinary tract resembling sarcomas. A report of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8(2):101–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Caceres A, McCarus SD. Fallopian tube prolapse after total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(2 Pt 2):494–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Silverberg SG, Frable WJ. Prolapse of fallopian tube into vaginal vault after hysterectomy. Histopathology, cytopathology, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol. 1974;97(2):100–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Roberts WS, Hoffman MS, LaPolla JP, Ruas E, Fiorica JV, Cavanagh D. Management of radionecrosis of the vulva and distal vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(5 Pt 1):1235–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Polasek PM, Erickson LD, Stanhope CR. Transverse vaginal septum associated with tubal atresia. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995;70(10):965–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fliegner JR. Congenital atresia of the vagina. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987;165(5):387–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med. 1971;284(15):878–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Herbst AL, Poskanzer DC, Robboy SJ, Friedlander L, Scully RE. Prenatal exposure to stilbestrol. A prospective comparison of exposed female offspring with unexposed controls. N Engl J Med. 1975;292(7):334–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Heller DS. Vaginal cysts: a pathology review. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2012;16(2):140–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hwang JH, Oh MJ, Lee NW, Hur JY, Lee KW, Lee JK. Multiple vaginal mullerian cysts: a case report and review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280(1):137–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McCluggage WG, Nirmala V, Radhakumari K. Intramural mullerian papilloma of the vagina. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1999;18(1):94–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Berdugo J, Gauthier P, Provencher D, Matte C, Piche J, Rahimi K. Spindle cell epithelioma of the vagina: report of two cases, literature review, and new immunohistochemical markers. Int J Surg Pathol. 2015;23(8):677–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fukunaga M, Endo Y, Ishikawa E, Ushigome S. Mixed tumour of the vagina. Histopathology. 1996;28(5):457–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Iversen UM. Two cases of benign vaginal rhabdomyoma. Case reports. APMIS. 1996;104(7–8):575–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gold JH, Bossen EH. Benign vaginal rhabdomyoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Cancer. 1976;37(5):2283–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hanski W, Hagel-Lewicka E, Daniszewski K. Rhabdomyomas of female genital tract. Report on two cases. Zentralbl Pathol. 1991;137(5):439–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Smooth muscle tumors of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 1979;53(6):689–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, et al. The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136(10):1266–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kurman RJ. International Agency for Research on Cancer., World Health Organization. WHO classification of tumours of female reproductive organs. 4th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: the burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine. 2006;24(Suppl 3):S3/11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Amin MB, American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society. AJCC cancer staging manual. Eight edition/editor-in-chief, Mahul B. Amin, MD, FCAP; editors, Stephen B. Edge, MD, FACS and 16 others; Donna M. Gress, RHIT, CTR – Technical editor; Laura R. Meyer, CAPM – Managing editor. ed. Chicago: American Joint Committee on Cancer, Springer; 2017, xvii, 1024.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hellman K, Lundell M, Silfversward C, Nilsson B, Hellstrom AC, Frankendal B. Clinical and histopathologic factors related to prognosis in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16(3):1201–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Alonso I, Felix A, Torne A, Fuste V, del Pino M, Castillo P, et al. Human papillomavirus as a favorable prognostic biomarker in squamous cell carcinomas of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125(1):194–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Herbst AL, Robboy SJ, Scully RE, Poskanzer DC. Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix in girls: analysis of 170 registry cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;119(5):713–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Creasman WT, Phillips JL, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on cancer of the vagina. Cancer. 1998;83(5):1033–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Friedman M, Peretz BA, Nissenbaum M, Paldi E. Modern treatment of vaginal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1986;41(10):614–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Andrassy RJ, Hays DM, Raney RB, Wiener ES, Lawrence W, Lobe TE, et al. Conservative surgical management of vaginal and vulvar pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study III. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30(7):1034–6; discussion 6–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Andrassy RJ, Wiener ES, Raney RB, Hays DM, Arndt CA, Lobe TE, et al. Progress in the surgical management of vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma: a 25-year review from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34(5):731–4; discussion 4–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hays DM, Shimada H, Raney RB Jr, Tefft M, Newton W, Crist WM, et al. Sarcomas of the vagina and uterus: the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20(6):718–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ahram J, Lemus R, Schiavello HJ. Leiomyosarcoma of the vagina: case report and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2006;16(2):884–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ngan HY, Fisher C, Blake P, Shepherd JH. Vaginal sarcoma: the Royal Marsden experience. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1994;4(5):337–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Suh MJ, Park DC. Leiomyosarcoma of the vagina: a case report and review from the literature. J Gynecol Oncol. 2008;19(4):261–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Curtin JP, Saigo P, Slucher B, Venkatraman ES, Mychalczak B, Hoskins WJ. Soft-tissue sarcoma of the vagina and vulva: a clinicopathologic study. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(2):269–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Al-Shraim MM. Angiomatoid giant cellular blue nevus of vaginal wall associated with pregnancy. Diagn Pathol. 2011;6:32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Fitzhugh VA, Houck K, Heller DS. Vaginal blue nevus: report of a case and review of the literature. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2011;15(4):325–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Heim K, Hopfl R, Muller-Holzner E, Bergant A, Dapunt O. Multiple blue nevi of the vagina. A case report. J Reprod Med. 2000;45(1):42–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rodriguez HA, Ackerman LV. Cellular blue nevus. Clinicopathologic study of forty-five cases. Cancer. 1968;21(3):393–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Weinstock MA. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States: patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(5):1225–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hu DN, Yu GP, McCormick SA. Population-based incidence of vulvar and vaginal melanoma in various races and ethnic groups with comparisons to other site-specific melanomas. Melanoma Res. 2010;20(2):153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Xia L, Han D, Yang W, Li J, Chuang L, Wu X. Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: a retrospective clinicopathologic study of 44 cases. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24(1):149–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gupta D, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Silva EG. Vaginal melanoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26(11):1450–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Piura B, Rabinovich A, Yanai-Inbar I. Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002;23(3):195–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chung AF, Casey MJ, Flannery JT, Woodruff JM, Lewis JL Jr. Malignant melanoma of the vagina–report of 19 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;55(6):720–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tacha D, Qi W, Ra S, Bremer R, Yu C, Chu J, et al. A newly developed mouse monoclonal SOX10 antibody is a highly sensitive and specific marker for malignant melanoma, including spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2015;139(4):530–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Aulmann S, Sinn HP, Penzel R, Gilks CB, Schott S, Hassel JC, et al. Comparison of molecular abnormalities in vulvar and vaginal melanomas. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(10):1386–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wong CW, Fan YS, Chan TL, Chan AS, Ho LC, Ma TK, et al. BRAF and NRAS mutations are uncommon in melanomas arising in diverse internal organs. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(6):640–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Miner TJ, Delgado R, Zeisler J, Busam K, Alektiar K, Barakat R, et al. Primary vaginal melanoma: a critical analysis of therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(1):34–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cobellis L, Calabrese E, Stefanon B, Raspagliesi F. Malignant melanoma of the vagina. A report of 15 cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2000;21(3):295–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Frumovitz M, Etchepareborda M, Sun CC, Soliman PT, Eifel PJ, Levenback CF, et al. Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(6):1358–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mihajlovic M, Vlajkovic S, Jovanovic P, Stefanovic V. Primary mucosal melanomas: a comprehensive review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2012;5(8):739–53.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Copeland LJ, Sneige N, Ordonez NG, Hancock KC, Gershenson DM, Saul PB, et al. Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina and cervix. Cancer. 1985;55(11):2558–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Davidoff AM, Hebra A, Bunin N, Shochat SJ, Schnaufer L. Endodermal sinus tumor in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(8):1075–8; discussion 8–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tao T, Yang J, Cao D, Guo L, Chen J, Lang J, et al. Conservative treatment and long-term follow up of endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125(2):358–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Young RH, Scully RE. Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina: a report of nine cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1984;18(3):380–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nogales FF, Preda O, Nicolae A. Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names. Histopathology. 2012;60(7):1023–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wang F, Liu A, Peng Y, Rakheja D, Wei L, Xue D, et al. Diagnostic utility of SALL4 in extragonadal yolk sac tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 59 cases with comparison to placental-like alkaline phosphatase, alpha-fetoprotein, and glypican-3. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(10):1529–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cao D, Guo S, Allan RW, Molberg KH, Peng Y. SALL4 is a novel sensitive and specific marker of ovarian primitive germ cell tumors and is particularly useful in distinguishing yolk sac tumor from clear cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(6):894–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Cao D, Liu A, Wang F, Allan RW, Mei K, Peng Y, et al. RNA-binding protein LIN28 is a marker for primary extragonadal germ cell tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 131 cases. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(2):288–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bing Z, Levine L, Lucci JA, Hatch SS, Eltorky MA. Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vagina: a clinicopathologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(8):857–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Atienza-Amores M, Guerini-Rocco E, Soslow RA, Park KJ, Weigelt B. Small cell carcinoma of the gynecologic tract: a multifaceted spectrum of lesions. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;134(2):410–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ahuja A, Safaya R, Prakash G, Kumar L, Shukla NK. Primary mixed Mullerian tumor of the vagina–a case report with review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract. 2011;207(4):253–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sebenik M, Yan Z, Khalbuss WE, Mittal K. Malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the vagina: case report with review of the literature, immunohistochemical study, and evaluation for human papilloma virus. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(8):1282–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Peters WA 3rd, Kumar NB, Andersen WA, Morley GW. Primary sarcoma of the adult vagina: a clinicopathologic study. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65(5):699–704.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fu YS, Reagan JW. Pathology of the uterine cervix, vagina, and vulva. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1989. p. 397.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Luis Z. Blanco Jr & Jian-Jun Wei

  2. Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA

    Olivia L. Snir

Authors
  1. Luis Z. Blanco Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Olivia L. Snir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jian-Jun Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Z. Blanco Jr .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Jian-Jun Wei

  2. Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Pei Hui

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Blanco, L.Z., Snir, O.L., Wei, JJ. (2021). Diseases of the Vagina. In: Wei, JJ., Hui, P. (eds) Practical Gynecologic Pathology. Practical Anatomic Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68608-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68608-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-68607-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-68608-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation