Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has been showing significant growth in recent years. Due to the several advantages, these processes provide, such as high process speed, the possibility for non-conventional geometries and a large range of materials; AM is quickly becoming an industry standard for both prototyping and end-user products. There are several 3D printing technologies available in the market, the most prevalent being fused deposition modeling (FDM), also known by fused filament fabrication (FFF). FDM is widely used as it is highly versatile and has the lowest entry level cost of any AM technology. Due to the layer-by-layer nature of the production procedure, 3D printed materials tend to behave with highly anisotropic properties. The main aspect that governs the anisotropy in FDM is the printing orientation. In order to study these effects, as well as select the optimal materials for future work, bulk specimens were produced from three different materials: polylactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate (PC), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). These specimens were then submitted to tensile testing. In this work, the printing orientations used to manufacture the tested materials were 0°, 45°, and 90° for 100% line infill, with the bulk specimens being produced flat on the printing bed. Steps were taken to prevent layer adhesion failure as well as optimize the production of flexible materials, in this case TPU. The results were then compared with the specifications given by the supplier for FDM and with the raw material properties found in the literature. As expected, for all the specimens, infill orientation played a major role on both tensile strength and elongation. With the results presented in this work, it was possible to select TPU and PC as the most interesting materials to combine, given their broadly different properties. As for future work, a multi-material specimen will be produced, varying the percentage of each material as well as the placement and distribution on the testing bulk.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn, S.H., Montero, M., Odell, D., Roundy, S., Wright, P. K.: Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyping J. (2002)
Andreas, G.: Understanding Additive Manufacturing—Rapid Prototyping. Rapid Tooling, Rapid Manufacturing (2011)
Ćwikła, G., Grabowik, C., Kalinowski, K., Paprocka, I., Ociepka, P.: The influence of printing parameters on selected mechanical properties of FDM/FFF 3D-printed parts. In IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng 227(1) (2017)
Dudek, P.F.D.M.: FDM 3D printing technology in manufacturing composite elements. Arch. Metall. Mater. 58(4), 1415–1418 (2013)
Fernandez-Vicente, M., Calle, W., Ferrandiz, S., & Conejero, A.: Effect of infill parameters on tensile mechanical behavior in desktop 3D printing. 3D Printing Addit. Manuf. 3(3), 183–192 (2016)
Gao, X., Qi, S., Kuang, X., Su, Y., Li, J., Wang, D.: Fused filament fabrication of polymer materials: A review of interlayer bond. Addit Manuf. 101658 (2020)
Grasso, M., Azzouz, L., Ruiz-Hincapie, P., Zarrelli, M., Ren, G.: Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA tensile specimens. Rapid Prototyping J. (2018)
Khalil, H.A., Ismail, H.: Effect of acetylation and coupling agent treatments upon biological degradation of plant fibre reinforced polyester composites. Polym. Testing 20(1), 65–75 (2000)
Lopes, L.R., Silva, A.F., Carneiro, O.S.: Addit. Manuf 23, 45 (2018)
Ngo, T.D., Kashani, A., Imbalzano, G., Nguyen, K.T., Hui, D.: Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos. B Eng. 143, 172–196 (2018)
Sebe, G., Cetin, N.S., Hill, C.A., Hughes, M.: RTM hemp fibre-reinforced polyester composites. Appl. Compos. Mater. 7(5–6), 341–349 (2000)
Seefried, Jr., C.G., Koleske, J.V., Critchfield, F.E.: Thermoplastic urethane elastomers. I. Effects of soft‐segment variations. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 19(9), 2493–2502 (1975)
Singh, K.J., Ahuja, I.S., Kapoor, J.: Chemical assisted ultrasonic machining of polycarbonate glass and optimization of process parameters by Taguchi and grey relational analysis. Adva. Mater. Process. Technol. 3(4), 563–585 (2017)
Tamburrino, F., Graziosi, S., Bordegoni, M.: Virtual Phys Prototype 14, 316 (2019)
Ultimaker S3: https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-s3, Website accessed 16 Oct 1010 (2020)
Ultimaker Support—Material: https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/categories/360002336619-Materials, Website accessed 16 Oct 1010 (2020)
Yang, S.L., Wu, Z.H., Yang, W., Yang, M.B.: Thermal and mechanical properties of chemical crosslinked polylactide (PLA). Polym. Testing 27(8), 957–963 (2008)
Yao, T., Deng, Z., Zhang, K., Li, S.: A method to predict the ultimate tensile strength of 3D printing polylactic acid (PLA) materials with different printing orientations. Compos. B Eng. 163, 393–402 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Galante, J., Ramalho, G.M.F., dos Reis, M.Q., Carbas, R.J.C., Marques, E.A.S., da Silva, L.F.M. (2021). Mechanical Characterization of 3D Printed Specimens. In: da Silva, L.F.M. (eds) Materials Design and Applications III. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 149. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68277-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68277-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-68276-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-68277-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)