Abstract
Pregnancy in cows is characterized by the embryonic period, up to the 40th day, followed by the foetal period up to its term (40 to approximately 260 days). Gestational complications can occur in both periods. Embryonic and foetal losses have great economic impact by extending the calving interval, causing infertility and reducing cow’s performance. Foetal death will usually lead to the expulsion of the foetus (abortion), but foetal mummification or maceration is also possible. Some complications occurring or detected immediate prior or during calving are considered emergencies. Uterine torsion is the most frequent non-infectious problem, which can represent more than 20% of the veterinarian-assisted calvings. Timely and appropriate assistance prevents foetal and dam’s suffering and death, with extensive uterine necrosis due to vascular alterations. Vaginal prolapse is an uncommon condition, with an incidence of up to 2% of pregnancies, which can directly affect the calving process. Vaginal eversion grades from 2 to 4 require a retention suture to prevent immediate (acute vaginal prolapse) or prolonged (chronic vaginal prolapse) recurrences. Vascular and other disturbs may lead to dropsy conditions (e.g. hydrallantois and hydramnios) in late pregnancy. The present chapter aims to discuss the main clinical findings related to the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, recommended treatments and prevention of the pathological conditions detected during mid or late pregnancy.
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Change history
11 October 2022
A correction has been published.
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Stilwell, G., Simões, J. (2021). Problems and Complications Occurring in Mid and Late Pregnancy. In: Calving Management and Newborn Calf Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68168-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68168-5_2
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