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Persulfate in Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated by Organic Compounds

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Electrochemically Assisted Remediation of Contaminated Soils

Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 30))

Abstract

The use of persulfate for the abatement of a wide variety of organic pollutants in soil and groundwater has proved to be an efficient technology in the last 10 years, mainly for in situ application. Persulfate shows higher stability in soil and groundwater than hydrogen peroxide, has moderate cost and benign by-products. Moreover, it can be applied to a wide range of pH and show less affinity for natural organic matter than does the permanganate ion. Persulfate can be activated in different ways to generate free radicals able to react with organic pollutants at higher rates than the persulfate anion. Heat, iron and base are the main activators used, although dual oxidant systems hydrogen peroxide–persulfate has been also investigated. The radical species formed in persulfate activation can be sulfate, hydroxyl or superoxide, depending mainly on pH and the activator used. These radicals can attack the organic matter in an oxidative mechanism, as sulfate and hydroxyl radicals do, or in a reductive pathway, as does the superoxide radical. Therefore, by choosing the proper activator and conditions, activated persulfate system can be used to eliminate a wide range of organic contaminants. Moreover, the stability of the activators in the subsurface is critical to assess the feasibility for an in situ application and must be taken into account to choose the optimal method for each particular case.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Comunidad Autonoma of Madrid (Project S2013-MAE-2739 CARESOIL-CM) and from the Spanish MINECO (Project CTM2016-77151-C2-1-R). Carmen M. Dominguez acknowledges the Spanish MINECO for the “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2016-28462).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Aurora Santos, David Lorenzo & Carmen M. Dominguez

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  1. Aurora Santos
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  2. David Lorenzo
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  3. Carmen M. Dominguez
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Correspondence to Aurora Santos .

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, Ciudad Real, Spain

    M. A. Rodrigo

  2. School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

    E. V. Dos Santos

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Santos, A., Lorenzo, D., Dominguez, C.M. (2021). Persulfate in Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Contaminated by Organic Compounds. In: Rodrigo, M.A., Dos Santos, E.V. (eds) Electrochemically Assisted Remediation of Contaminated Soils. Environmental Pollution, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68140-1_10

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