Abstract
This chapter considers various steps in the use of alternatives to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a prosperity indicator (i.e., “beyond-GDP” measurement), ranging from the “indicators fantasy”—the idea that simply producing alternative indicators is sufficient to generate substantially different policy outcomes—to transformative change involving a shift in societal priorities beyond growth or changes to other core features of the economic and social system. In between are intermediate steps such as political use of indicators to influence policy debates, conceptual use leading to new understandings of wellbeing and prosperity, and the integration of indicators into the policy process to enable a more direct connection between indicators and policy decisions (instrumental use). Such steps have expanded the possibilities for policy reform, with promising options that include the use of new cost-benefit analysis and policy assessment tools, wellbeing budgeting, and legislating or mandating indicator use. The chapter considers further steps needed for transformative change and the possibilities of a transitional goal—downplaying the centrality of GDP and economic growth, without abandoning either—which now appears to be within reach.
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Notes
- 1.
I first encountered this idea in an interview with Charles Seaford, New Economics Foundation (NEF), in July 2014.
- 2.
Interview, July 2020. See Dasilva and Hayden et al. (Forthcoming).
- 3.
2018 data from UNDP (2019, pp. 300, 308).
- 4.
2020 rankings: https://www.socialprogress.org/index/global/results.
- 5.
2019 rankings: https://www.prosperity.com/rankings.
- 6.
- 7.
2020 rankings from Helliwell et al. (2020b, p. 19).
- 8.
For an analysis of factors behind the Nordic countries high happiness levels, see Martela et al. (2020).
- 9.
It divides each nation’s HDI score by the extent to which consumption-based CO2 emissions and material footprint exceed “per-capita shares of planetary boundaries.” See https://www.sustainabledevelopmentindex.org.
- 10.
Some proponents of a well-being economy have argued that Scotland’s government needs to go further in its economic recovery strategy by moving beyond “strong economic growth” as a core goal and reducing dependence on growth as a means to generate well-being (WEAll Scotland 2020).
- 11.
Such analysis showed, for example, that it made more economic sense for the state to purchase and protect wetlands and forests, and continue to enjoy ecological services such as water treatment, than to allow revenue-generating but environmentally damaging suburban development (GFN 2015).
- 12.
The domains are health, education, living standards, ecological diversity and resilience, good governance, psychological well-being, time use, community vitality, and cultural diversity and resilience.
- 13.
Colman, who highlights a lack of policy impact from beyond-GDP metrics, acknowledges the significance of Bhutan’s WTO decision, but sees little discernible influence of GNH on recent policies.
- 14.
Such hopes have not always been fulfilled, as in the case of Maryland’s GPI (Hayden and Wilson 2018).
- 15.
The domains are civic engagement and governance, cultural identity, environment, health, housing, income and consumption, jobs and earnings, knowledge and skills, safety, social connections, subjective well-being, and time use.
- 16.
Some observers may consider well-being budgeting to be “transformative” in the way it changes the process of allocating public resources, although it is not transformative in the way that I am using the term in this chapter, as outlined in the introduction.
- 17.
New Zealand had intended to deliver a second well-being budget in 2020. In January 2020, Icelandic Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir (2020) stated that a “well-being budget is in the works,” while Canada’s government was tentatively exploring the idea before COVID-19.
- 18.
These goals are as follows: a Wales that is prosperous, resilient, healthier, more equal, globally responsible, a Wales of cohesive communities, and a Wales of vibrant culture and thriving Welsh language.
- 19.
Laurent (Forthcoming) argues that although France’s Sas Law is useful, the government’s response has involved manipulation, as it selected indicators that put its record in a favorable light. Stewart (2020) raises questions about the Welsh approach’s impact.
- 20.
The dashboard includes indicators that can all be seen as related to the overriding goal of economic growth, such as inter-provincial migration, international immigration, business start-ups, export value, labor-force participation, venture capital, tourism expansion, net debt to GDP, among others. See Dasilva and Hayden et al. (Forthcoming) and https://www.onens.ca/.
- 21.
Interview, Juliet Michaelson, NEF, July 6, 2015.
- 22.
This “Beyond Growth” report does not reject growth as an objective, but no longer sees it as the primary goal, highlighting four paramount objectives for economic policy: environmental sustainability, rising well-being, falling inequality, and system resilience.
- 23.
Interview, Danny Graham, Engage Nova Scotia, June 2020.
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Hayden, A. (2021). From Fantasy to Transformation: Steps in the Policy Use of “Beyond-GDP” Indicators. In: Laurent, É. (eds) The Well-being Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67860-9_7
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