Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aortic Regurgitation Murmurs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiovascular Eponymic Signs

  • 428 Accesses

Abstract

A multitude of cardiac and peripheral phenomena, eponymously ascribed as signs, have been described in aortic regurgitation (AR) to honor physicians’ contributions to medicine. They were identified based on applying the bedside skills of observation, auscultation, palpation, maneuvers, and the sphygmomanometer. These bedside signs have diminished in use since the advent of echocardiographic and other imaging techniques of the heart. With the exception of Corrigan, Duroziez, and Hill signs, they have not been well studied and gaps remain in knowledge regarding evidence of their applicability in clinical practice. In general, for those signs which have been studied, there are a number of limitations with studies such as selection bias, inconsistent case definition and reference standard, and wide ranges of disease severities. Additionally, there is a paucity of data assessing the relationship between a sign and disease severity. Despite these shortcomings, we contend that these signs should be taught since they impart an appreciation for the keen insights applied by physicians in recognizing or eliciting them on physical examination. They also further enhance our understanding about the pathophysiology of disease and provide opportunities for further investigation. Described in this chapter is brief historical information of the person who reported the sign, its original description, and if known, its sensitivity, specificity, and validity in clinical practice. The name for the description of this pathological finding affecting the aortic valve has changed over the years and has encompassed such terms as retroversion of the valves, incompetence, insufficiency, and regurgitation. It is understood that each term is meant to describe the condition by which the aortic valves do not close tightly causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dalton C. Chapter 4: Galen. In: Doctrines of the Circulation: A History of Physiological Opinion and Discovery in Regard to the Circulation of the Blood. Philadelphia: Henry C. Leas’s Son & Co; 1884. p. 250–1.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Galen. Synopsis of chapters. In: Galen on the Natural Facilities. Brock AJ, translator. London: William Heinemann; 1916. p. xliii–1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vieussens R. De la structure de la surface interne de ventricule gauche du coeur. In: Traité nouveau de la structure et des causes du mouvement naturel du coeur. Toulouse: Jean Guillemette; 1715. p. 101–20.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cowper W. Of ossifications or petrifications in the coats of arteries, particularly in the valves of the great artery. Phil Trans. 1702–1705;23–24:1970–7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bertin RJH. Introduction. In: Traité des maladies du coeur et des gros vaisseaux. Paris: J.-B. Baillière; 1824. p. xvii–xlviii.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hodgkin T. On retroversion of the valves of the aorta. Lond M Gaz. 1828–1829;3:433–43.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Willius FA, Keys TE. Austin Flint (1812–1886). In: Classics of Cardiology, vol 2. New York: Dover Publications; 1941. p. 499–501.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Flint A. On the distinctive characters of the pulmonary signs obtained by percussion and auscultation. Am J M Sc. 1862;43–4:305–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Flint A. On cardiac murmurs. Am J M Sc. 1862;43-4:29–54.

    Google Scholar 

  10. [No author]. Obituary: Thomas Cuming. Br Med J. 1887;2:653.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cuming T. A case of diseased heart with observations. Dublin Hosp Rep. 1822;3:319–34.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Zacek P. Eponyms linked with aortic regurgitation. In: Vojacek J, Zacek P, Domiik J, editors. Aortic Regurgitation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 41–2.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kligfield P. An annotation of the pulse in aortic regurgitation: Thomas Cuming, 1822. Am J Card. 1979;44:370–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Willius FA, Keys TE. Sir Dominic John Corrigan (1802–1880). In: Classics of Cardiology, vol. 2. New York: Dover Publications; 1941. p. 419–22.

    Google Scholar 

  15. O’Brien ET. The man behind the eponym: Sir Dominic John Corrigan (1802–1880). N Engl J Med. 1981;304:365–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. [No author]. Obituary: Sir Dominic J Corrigan, Bart M.D. Edin. Lancet. 1880;118:268–9.

    Google Scholar 

  17. [No author]. Obituary: Sir Dominic John Corrigan, Bart M.D. Br Med J. 1880;1:227.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Major RH. Dominic John Corrigan (1802–1880). In: Classic Descriptions of Disease with Biographical Sketches of the Authors. 3rd ed. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1932. p. 352–6.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Corrigan D. Address delivered on the occasion of the distribution of prizes in St. Mary’s hospital medical school. Lancet. 1873;2:409–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Agnew RA. The achievement of Dominic John Corrigan. Med Hist. 1965;9:230–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Stone J. Sir Dominic John Corrigan. In: Profiles in Cardiology. New Jersey: The Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science; 2003. p. 64–7.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Corrigan DJ. On permanent patency of the mouth of the aorta, or inadequacy of the aortic valves. Edinb Med Surg J. 1832;37:225–45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Hope J. Signs, diagnosis, prognosis, and terminations of disease of the valves: pulses in regurgitation through the aortic valves. In: A Treatise of the Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels and on the Affections which may be Mistaken for Them. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard; 1846. p. 362.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Babu AN, Kymes SM, Carpenter-Fryer SM. Eponyms and the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation: what says the evidence? Ann Intern Med. 2004;138:736–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. [No author]. Sir Thomas Watson. Br Med J. 1882;2:1282.

    Google Scholar 

  26. [No author]. Obituary: Sir Thomas Watson. Lancet. 1882;2:1131.

    Google Scholar 

  27. [No author]. Obituary: Sir Thomas Watson, MD FRS. Med Rec. 1822;22:723.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Munk W. Thomas (Sir) Watson Lives of the fellows. Heritage Centre: Royal College of Physicians. London; 2009. http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/4657. Accessed 9 Mar 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  29. [No author]. Obituary: Sir Thomas Watson. Med Times Gaz. 1882;2:735–7.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Watson T. Disease of the heart. In: Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard; 1844. p. 585–607.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Suvarna JCD. Watson’s hammer pulse. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54:163–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mackenzie J. Valvular defects. In: Diseases of the Heart. London: Oxford Medical Publications; 1918. p. 329–35.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Major RH. Paul-Louis Duroziez: diseases of the circulatory system. In: Classic Description of Disease. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas; 1945. p. 363–4.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Berry D. History of cardiology: Paul Louis Duroziez, MD. Circulation. 2006;114(22):188.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wilius FE, Keys TE. Paul Louis Duroziez (1826–1897). In: Classic of Cardiology, vol. 2. New York: Dover Publications; 1941. p. 492–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Duroziez P. Du double souffle intermittent crural, comme signe de l’insuffisance aortique. Arch Gén de Méd. 1861;17:417–43.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Virchow R. Zur Erinnerung an L. Traube. Berl klin Wchnschr. 1876;13:209–10.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Morrison H. Ludwig Traube. Boston Med Surg J. 1927;196:1097–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Singer I. Traube, Ludwig. In: The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 12. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company; 1907. p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brog HW. Flashback on evidence-based medicine: the Prussian Geheim Rath. JPANDS. 2015;20:92–4.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fraentzel [O]. Ueber zwei eigentümliche Phänomene bei Insuffizienz der Aortenklappen. Berl klin Wchnschr. 1867;4:355–457.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Traube L. Ueber den Doppelton in der Cruralis bei Insuffizienz der Aortenklappen. Berl klin Wchnshr. 1872;9:573–4.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sapira JD. The heart. In: The Art & Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Baltimore: Williams & Wilken; 2012. p. 283–330.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Minagar A, Lowis GW. Dr Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke (1842–1922): clinical neurologist of Kiel. J Med Biogr. 2001;9:12–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. [No author]. Obituary: Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1922;56:547–8.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cozanitis DA. Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke (1842–1922): the Nobel Prize but for the problem of age. Presse Med. 2013;42:464–79.

    Google Scholar 

  47. [No author]. Obituary: Heinrich Quincke. Lancet. 1922;202:1259.

    Google Scholar 

  48. [No author]. Clinical of Kiel: Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke (1842–1922). JAMA. 1966;196:1152–3.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Heinrich Quincke. The University of Glasgow Story. University of Glasgow. https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH27240&type=P. Accessed 2 May 2019.

  50. Pearce JMS. Walter Essex Wynter, Quincke, and lumbar puncture. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Quincke H. Beobachtungen über capillar- und venenpuls. Berl klin Wchnschr. 1868;5:357–9.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Czerny V. Otto Becker gedächtnisrede gehalten im Auftrage der medizinischen Fakultät in der Aula der Universität. Heidelberg: Gustav Koester; 1890. p. 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Becker O. Ueber die sichtbaren Erscheinungen der Blutbewegung in der menschlichen Netzhaut. Arch f Opth. 1872;18:206–96.

    Google Scholar 

  54. De Musset A. May night. In: The Poet and the Muse. London: Richard Bentley and Son; 1880. p. 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  55. De Musset P. The Biography of Alfred de Musset. Preston HW, translator. Boston: Roberts Brothers; 1877.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Singer I. Haneman FT. Ottomar Ernst Felix. Jewish Encyclopedia. Rosenbach; 1906. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12837-rosenbach-ottomar-ernst-felix. Accessed 10 Mar 2019.

  57. Guttman W. Zum andenken an Ottomar Rosenbach. Leipzig: Verlag von J.A. Barth; 1908. p. 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Faber K. Nosography in modern internal medicine. Ann Med Hist. 1922;4:1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Morrison H. Ottomar Rosenbach, pioneer in the development of the concept of functional disease and functional diagnosis in internal medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1937;11:527–36.

    Google Scholar 

  60. [No author]. Ottomar Rosenbach. Med Brief. 1907;35:367.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rosenbach O. Ueber arterielle Leberpulsation. Deutsche med Wchnschr. 1878;6:498–500, 519–23.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Heubner O. Carl Gerhardt. Jahrb f Kinderh. 1902;56:250–2.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Jacobi A. In memoriam Carl Gerhardt, birth May 5, 1833, died July 21, 1902. In: Robinson WJ, editor. Miscellaneous Addresses and Writings, vol. 7. New York: The Critic and Guide Company; 1909. p. 499–500.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gerhardt C. Metallklang. In: Lehrbuch der Auscultation und Percussion: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Besichtigung, Betastung und Messung der Brust und des Unterleibes zu diagnostischen Zwecken. Tübingen: Verlag der H. Laupp’schen Buchhandlung; 1833. p. 184–7.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hall CW. Gerhardt, Karl Jakob Christian Adolph. In: A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records to 2000. Indiana: Purdue University Press; 2008. p. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Medvei VC. The story of insulin. In: The History of Clinical Endocrinology. Carnforth, Lancs: The Parthenon Publishing Group; 1993. p. 249–57.

    Google Scholar 

  67. White FA. Gerhardt’s sign. In: Physical Signs in Medicine and Surgery: Rare, Lost and Forgotten Physical Signs. Ocala: Museum Press Books; 2009. p. 106.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gerhardt C. Pulsierender milztumor. Ztschr f klin Med. 1882;4:449–50.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gerhardt C. Aorteninsuffizienz und milz pulsationen. Centralbl f klin Med. 1888;9:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wormer EJ. Müller, Friedrich von. Neue deutsche Biographie. 1997;18:379–81.

    Google Scholar 

  71. [No author]. Friedrich von Muller. Br Med J. 1951;2:340.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Biografie, Friedrich von Muller. Wissenschaftliche sammlungen. Teil-Katalog der wissenschaftlichen sammlungen. Humbolot-Universitat zu Berlin. https://www.sammlungen.hu-berlin.de/objekte/-/17224/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

  73. [No author]. Friedrich von Müller and William Osler. N Engl J Med. 1955;252(2):76–7.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mueller F. Pulsation des Gaumens bei Aorteninsuffizienz. In: Zur Pathologie des weichen Gaumens. Berlin: Charité-Annalen; 1889. p. 251–2.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Douglas CG. Leonard Erskine Hill, 1866–1952. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society: The Royal Society Publishing; 1953. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsbm.1953.0009. Accessed 10 May 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hill AB, Hill B. The life of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS (1866–1952). Proc Roy Soc Med. 1968;61(3):307–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. [No author]. Group Captain Martin Flack, C.B.E. Br Med J. 1931;2(3686):402–4.

    Google Scholar 

  78. [No author]. Major (Hon. Lt.-Col) Martin William Flack, M.B., Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, Royal Air Force. Lond M Gaz. 1918;31098:92.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Dr. Wilfred Watkinson Holtzmann BS MB FRCS. The West Dorset Hanns. 2019. https://www.hannfamily.org.uk/Hannfamily-o/p79.htm. Accessed 2 Jun 2019.

  80. Watkinson, Wilfred (1877–1944). Royal College of Surgeons. Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2013. https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002f376931/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E004748%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7Cresource+Identifier. Accessed 6 May 2019.

  81. Hill L, Flack M, Holtzman W. The measurement of systolic blood pressure in man. Heart. 1909;1:73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hill L, Rowlands RA. Systolic blood pressure: (1) in change of posture, (2) in cases of aortic regurgitation. Heart. 1911-1912;3:219–22.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Frank MJ, Casanegra P, Migliori AJ, Levinson GE. The clinical evaluation of aortic regurgitation. Arch Intern Med. 1965;116:219–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Landolfi M. Un nouveau signe de l’insuffisance aortique: l’hippus circulatoire. Semaine méd. 1909;29:349.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Minervini L. L’universita italiana. Rivista dell’istruzione superiore. 1924;20:152.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Minervini L. Le pouls de la langue dans l’insuffisance aortique. Semaine méd. 1910;30:481–90.

    Google Scholar 

  87. [No author]. Joseph Sailer RD. Am J Surg. 1929;7:576–8.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sailer J. Pulsating spleen in aortic insufficiency. Am Heart J. 1928;3:447–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. [No author]. Francis Winslow Palfrey, 1876–1953. N Engl J Med. 1953;9:383–4.

    Google Scholar 

  90. [No author]. Corporation records. The Harvard Graduates’ Magazine. 1917;26:103–300.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Francis Winslow Palfrey, Clinical Medicine. [Internet]. Assistants. Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Harvard University. 1636–1910. Cambridge Massachusetts. Published by the University 1910. https://books.google.com/books?id=J3MqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=Francis+Winslow+Palfrey&source=bl&ots=omHzd6Voki&sig=FlvffU8Fg-qiV3Vi1AtF8lghmBE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4oGAxb7fAhUBba0KHUyHDcwQ6AewD3oECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Francis%20Winslow%20Palfrey&f=false. Accessed 20 Mar 2019.

  92. Palfrey FW. Auscultation of the Corrigan or water-hammer pulse. N Engl J Med. 1952;247:771–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Irish Cardiac Society. Annual Scientific Meeting & AGM. 6–8 October 2016 Newpark Hotel, Kilkenny, Ireland. http://www.irishcardiacsociety.com/documents/ICS_AGM_Prog_2016_SCREEN.pd. Accessed 10 May 2019.

  94. Meath Hospital, Dublin: annual report for the year ended 31st December 1979. Lenus The Irish Health Repository. https://www.lenus.ie/bitstream/handle/10147/45526/8189.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 5 May 2019.

  95. Mayne B. On aortic regurgitation: a new physical sign. Ir J Med Sci. 1953;6:80–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Happes M, Kamran H, Salciccioli L, Ko EH, Lazar JM. Mayne’s sign is mainly related to younger age and not to aortic regurgitation. Blood Press Monit. 2010;15:305–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Abbas F, Sapira JD. Mayne’s sign is not pathognomonic of aortic insufficiency. South Med J. 1987;80:1051–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Dennison AD Jr. Aortic regurgitation multiple eponyms, physical signs and etiologies. J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1958;52:1283–9.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Leonard JJ. Profiles in cardiology: W. Proctor Harvey. Clin Cardiol. 1991;14:180–2.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Biography of W. Proctor Harvey. Georgetown University School of Medicine. https://som.georgetown.edu/harveysociety/harveyfounderbio. Accessed 12 Apr 2019.

  101. Robertson E. Watkins Proctor Harvey, cardiologist, dies at 89. Richmond Times Dispatch. 7 Oct 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  102. W. Proctor Harvey Amphitheater. Notes from Neil. Sunday, October 25, 2015. http://medstarresearch.blogspot.com/2015/10/w-proctor-harvey-amphitheater.html. Accessed 10 May 2019.

  103. Harvey WP, Corrado MA, Perloff JK. Right-sided murmurs of aortic insufficiency (diastolic murmurs better heard to the right of the sternum rather than the left). Am J Med Sci. 1963;245:29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Dr. William Penny. British Cardiovascular Society. http://www.bcs.com/programmesessions/biog.asp?bcsid=805. Accessed 14 May 2019.

  105. Dr. William J Penny, Consultant Cardiologist MD, FRCP. Spire Cardiff Hospital. https://www.spirehealthcare.com/spire-cardiff-hospital/consultants/dr-w-j-penny-c1390182/. Accessed 10 Jan 2019.

  106. William J Penny (Cardiff, UK) editorial board Postgrad Med J. The journal of continuing professional development. 2006. https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/82/964.toc.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2019.

  107. Penny WJ. The sign of the flashing wheal in aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 1988;6:1158–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Morton G, Mahon S. The facial flushing or aortic regurgitation. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:501–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Dr. Simon Mahon. Linkedin. https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-simon-mahon-22816a43/?originalSubdomain=uk. Accessed 4 Mar 2020.

  110. Fredrick T Sherman. Mount Sinai. Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/fredrick-t-sherman. Accessed 10 May 2019.

  111. Fredrick T. Sherman MD, MSc. Linkedin. https://www.linkedin.com/in/fredrick-t-sherman-md-msc-a25a1823. Accessed 10 May 2019.

  112. Sherman FT. Sherman sign predicts aortic regurgitation: from foot fetish to clinical pearl. Geriatrics. 2004;59:7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Hutain Ashrafian. Likedin. https://www.likedin.com/in/hutan-ashrafian-2a8993169/. Accessed 10 May 2019.

  114. Ashrafian H. Pulsatile pseudo-proptosis, aortic regurgitation and 31 eponyms. Int J Cardiol. 2008;107:421–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Henkind P, Priest RS, Schiller G. Prolapse of iris, surgical proptosis. In: Compendium of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1983. p. 242.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA

    Steven H. Yale

  2. Department of the History of Medicine and Ethics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey

    Halil Tekiner

  3. Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, USA

    Joseph J. Mazza

  4. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Eileen S. Yale

  5. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, NY, USA

    Ryan C. Yale

Authors
  1. Steven H. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Halil Tekiner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph J. Mazza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eileen S. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ryan C. Yale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yale, S.H., Tekiner, H., Mazza, J.J., Yale, E.S., Yale, R.C. (2021). Aortic Regurgitation Murmurs. In: Cardiovascular Eponymic Signs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67596-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67596-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67595-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-67596-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation