Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Rhetoric, Politics and Society ((RPS))

  • 326 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter compares the language of the post-Brexit period (based on a 50 million words corpus) with that of the run-up to the EU Referendum and the Scottish Independence Referendum to identify diachronic trends. It finds a noticeable drop-off in racist discourse post-EU Referendum and concerns about immigration alongside changes in the representation of migrants and migration, and articulation of worries about racism. It finds a shift in focus from sovereignty to discussion of democracy and independence. The three corpora track the rise of nationalism from indyref to Brexit, and the development of increasingly divisive and sometimes incendiary language in Parliamentary discourse and elsewhere. The chapter concludes by considering the destructive consequences of using such language and argues that the language we use matters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andreouli, E., Greenland, K., & Figgou, L. (2020). Lay discourses about Brexit and prejudice: “Ideological creativity” and its limits in Brexit debates. European Journal of Social Psychology50(2), 309–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC. (2019, September 27). Amber Rudd accuses Number 10 of language that ‘incites violence’. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-49854569. Accessed 31 August 2020.

  • Blain, N. (2016). Afterword: Reimagining Scotland in a new political landscape. In N. Blain & D. Hutcheson (Eds.) (with G. Hassan), Scotland’s Referendum and the media: National and international perspectives (pp. 228–241). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charteris-Black, J. (2019). Metaphors of Brexit: No cherries on the cake? Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dearden, L. (2019, September 2). Islamophobic incidents rose 375% after Boris Johnson compared Muslim women to ‘letterboxes’, figures show. Independent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, B., Hewlett, K., McCrae, J., & Hall, J. (2019). Divided Britain?: Polarisation and fragmentation trends in the UK. The Policy Institute, King’s College London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G., & Menon, A. (2017). Brexit and British politics. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farage, N. (2020). Nigel Farage: A champion of ideas and transformative change. https://www.nfarage.com/. Accessed 3 September 2020.

  • Foges, C. (2017, December 4). Brexit tribes are tearing our country in two. The Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, A., & Richards, L. (2018). Nationalism, racism and identity: What connects Englishness to a preference for a hard Brexit. London School of Economics. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/englishness-racism-brexit/. Accessed 31 August 2020.

  • Higgins, M. (2019). Political masculinities and Brexit: Men of war. Journal of Language and Politics, 19(1), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitwise. (2016, June 27). How did Britons react in the immediate aftermath of the Brexit vote? https://www.hitwise.com/en/2016/06/27/how-did-britons-react-in-the-immediate-aftermath-of-the-brexit-vote-2/. Accessed 25 June 2020.

  • Hix, S., Kaufmann, E., & Leeper, T.J. (2017). UK voters, including Leavers, care more about reducing non-EU than EU migration. British Politics and Policy at LSE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office Statistics (2019). Hate crime, England and Wales, 2018 to 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hate-crime-england-and-wales-2018-to-2019. Accessed 15 January 2020.

  • Ipsos Mori. (2019, March 23). Britons are more positive than negative about immigration’s impact on Britain. https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/britons-are-more-positive-negative-about-immigrations-impact-britain. Accessed 20 June 2020.

  • Kaufmann, E. (2017). Levels or changes?: Ethnic context, immigration and the UK Independence Party vote. Electoral Studies, 48, 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komaromi, P. (2016). Post-referendum racism and xenophobia: The role of social media activism in challenging the normalisation of xeno-racist narratives. http://www.irr.org.uk/news/post-referendum-racism-and-the-importance-of-social-activism/. Accessed 31 August 2020.

  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter, K. (2019, July 24). My appeal to Boris Johnson to embrace my late sister Jo Cox’s ‘more in common’ mission. Yorkshire Post.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, R., & Fenton, S. (2017). Nation, class and resentment: The politics of national identity in England, Scotland and Wales. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Massie, A. (2015, March 8). To borrow the most incendiary saying of all: if Scotland rules England, I can foresee the Thames foaming with much blood. Mail on Sunday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office for National Statistics (2020, May). Migration statistics quarterly report. https://www.ons.gov.uk/. Accessed 24 June 2020.

  • O’Toole, F. (2016, June 19). Brexit is being driven by English nationalism. And it will end in self-rule. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peck, T. (2016, June 20). Jo Cox remembered in Parliament tributes: ‘Jo understood that rhetoric has consequences’. Independent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawnsley, A. (2019, September 29). Boris Johnson seeks to divide and conquer with his incendiary rhetoric. Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolewska, M., & Ford, R. (2020). Brexit and Britain’s Culture Wars. Political Insight, 11(1), 4–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J. (2019, September 26). Boris Johnson’s ‘crass and dangerous’ rhetoric will fuel violence on UK’s streets, warns EU Commissioner. Independent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, J. (2016). Brexit debate on Twitter week ending March 27th. Medium. https://medium.com/neo4j/brexit-debate-on-twitter-week–ending-march-27th-2a18cf442878. Accessed 15 January 2020.

  • Virdee, S., & McGeever, B. (2018). Racism, crisis, Brexit. Ethnic and racial studies, 41(10), 1802–1819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G.K. (2017). Brexit, Trump and the special relationship. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(3), 543–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zappettini, F. (2019). The Brexit referendum: How trade and immigration in the discourses of the official campaigns have legitimised a toxic (inter)national logic. Critical Discourse Studies, 16(4), 403–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fiona M. Douglas .

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (ZIP 362 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Douglas, F.M. (2021). Brexit and Beyond. In: Political, Public and Media Discourses from Indyref to Brexit. Rhetoric, Politics and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67384-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics