Abstract
Groundwater quality and availability is one of the most important environmental and sustainability issues of the twenty-first century. Over the last few years, trace elements have increased in groundwater by human activities, such as agriculture, mining, fossil fuel burning and industrial effluent. The present study is focused on the pollution of groundwater by heavy metals. Seasonal variations of groundwater quality studies have been performed in Pissurlem, Sonshi, Cudnem, Velguem and Surla Watersheds, which are the primary watersheds of Mandovi and Cudnem rivers in Goa State. A maximum of 98 samples has been obtained at a rate of 49 samples per season (summer and winter). Trace elements are measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Measured groundwater traces of metals results were brought to the GIS to create spatial maps. Aluminum, barium, boron, copper, manganese, selenium, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium spatial maps shows that all groundwater levels in the study area were within the allowable limit. Iron spatial maps show all groundwater Fe research areas within the limit quality except in and around Kumbharwada, Vagheri and Morlem Colony sites (4.62 km2/summer and 5.96 km2/winter) for WHO 2011 norm. The study area is situated in the lower part of the Cudnem River with the Mandovi river portion. Research region for groundwater Trace metals contamination within the limits except iron for the WHO 2011 standard. Trace elements in groundwater are characterized as chemical components dissolved in very small quantities in water. The levels of aluminum, barium, boron, copper, manganese, selenium, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium are well within the permissible limits. All the water samples are favorable for drinking in both of the seasons. Iron levels in groundwater are distinguished by a favorable quality for drinking in all samples, except for three test sites, such as Kumbharwada (S. No. 17), Vagheri (S. No. 22) and Morlem Colony (S. No. 40) in both seasons. The entire study area is widely distributed for the occurrence of iron ore and falls in the active mining belt.
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Kuppusamy, E., Hussain, S.M. (2021). Seasonal Variation for Trace Metals Contamination of Groundwater Using GIS Technology in Pissurlem, Sonshi, Cudnem, Velguem, Surla Watersheds, North Goa District, Goa State, India. In: Al-Maktoumi, A., et al. Water Resources in Arid Lands: Management and Sustainability. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67028-3_4
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