Abstract
Pre-drinking is the practice of consuming alcohol, usually in a private residence, prior to a social event, and is often linked to excessive alcohol consumption in a short period. Like other patterns of heavy episodic drinking, pre-drinking has deleterious health and social effects including risk of accidents, involvement in social disorder, and reduced functioning. Studies investigating pre-drinking determinants have been informed by theories of motivation and social cognition. Studies have established inebriation and ‘having fun’, instrumentality (cost, alcohol availability), social enhancement/social ease/conviviality, intimate pursuit, perceived barriers, implicit alcohol identity, and perceived control as determinants of pre-drinking. There are few theory-based interventions to reduce pre-drinking, and interventions have typically had modest effects. Future intervention research needs identify appropriate change techniques and account for socio-structural determinants of pre-drinking.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Armitage, C. J. (2009). Effectiveness of experimenter-provided and self-generated implementation intentions to reduce alcohol consumption in a sample of the general population: a randomized exploratory trial. Health Psychology, 28(5), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015984
Bachrach, R. L., Merrill, J. E., Bytschkow, K. M., & Read, J. P. (2012). Development and initial validation of a measure of motives for pregaming in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 37(9), 1038–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.013
Borsari, B., Boyle, K. E., Hustad, J. T. P., Barnett, N. P., O’Leary Tevyaw, T., & Kahler, C. W. (2007). Drinking before drinking: Pregaming and drinking games in mandated students. Addictive Behaviors, 32(11), 2694–2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.003
Borsari, B., Merrill, J. E., Yurasek, A., Miller, M. B., & Carey, K. B. (2016). Does a brief motivational intervention reduce frequency of pregaming in mandated students? Substance Use & Misuse, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1152494
Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., & Bradley, K. A. (1998). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(16), 1789. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789
Cameron, M. P., Roskruge, M. J., Droste, N., & Miller, P. G. (2018). Pre-drinking and the temporal gradient of intoxication in a New Zealand nightlife environment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.119
Caudwell, K. M., & Hagger, M. S. (2014). Pre-drinking and alcohol-related harm in undergraduates: The influence of explicit motives and implicit alcohol identity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(6), 1252–1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9573-6
Caudwell, K. M., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Predicting alcohol pre-drinking in Australian undergraduate students using an integrated theoretical model. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(2), 188–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12044
Caudwell, K. M., Keech, J. J., Hamilton, K., Mullan, B. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2019). Reducing alcohol consumption during pre-drinking sessions: Testing an integrated behaviour-change model. Psychology & Health, 34(1), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1518527
Caudwell, K. M., Mullan, B., & Hagger, M. S. (2016). Combining motivational and volitional approaches to reducing excessive alcohol consumption in pre-drinkers: A theory-based intervention protocol. BMC Public Health, 16(45), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2648-7
Caudwell, K. M., Mullan, B., & Hagger, M. S. (2018). Testing an online, theory-based intervention to reduce pre-drinking alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm in undergraduates: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(5), 592–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-018-9736-x
Chikritzhs, T. N., Dietze, P. M., Allsop, S. J., Daube, M. M., Hall, W. D., & Kypri, K. (2009). The ‘alcopops’ tax: Heading in the right direction. Medical Journal of Australia, 190(1), 294. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02415.x
Cooke, R., Dahdah, M., Norman, P., & French, D. P. (2016). How well does the theory of planned behaviour predict alcohol consumption? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 10(2), 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.947547
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117
Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.168
de Visser, R. O. (2015). Personalized feedback based on a drink-pouring exercise may improve knowledge of, and adherence to, government guidelines for alcohol consumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(2), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12623
de Visser, R. O., & Birch, J. D. (2012). My cup runneth over: Young people’s lack of knowledge of low-risk drinking guidelines. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York, NY: Plenum.
Doran, C. M., Hall, W., Shakeshaft, A. P., Vos, T., & Cobiac, L. (2010). Alcohol policy reform in Australia: What can we learn from the evidence? Medical Journal of Australia, 192(8), 468–470. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/
Ferris, J., Puljević, C., Labhart, F., Winstock, A., & Kuntsche, E. (2019). The role of sex and age on pre-drinking: An exploratory international comparison of 27 countries. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 54(4), 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz040
Foster, D. W., Neighbors, C., & Pai, A. (2015). Decisional balance: Alcohol decisional balance intervention for heavy drinking undergraduates. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(13), 1717–1727. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1036883
Foster, J. H., & Ferguson, C. (2013). Alcohol ‘pre-loading’: A review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt135
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1
Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2009). Integrating the theory of planned behaviour and self-determination theory in health behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708x373959
Hagger, M. S., Lonsdale, A. J., Hein, V., Koka, A., Lintunen, T., Pasi, H., … Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2012). Predicting alcohol consumption and binge drinking in company employees: An application of planned behaviour and self-determination theories. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02043.x
Hallett, J., McManus, A., Maycock, B. R., Smith, J., & Howat, P. M. (2014). “Excessive drinking – an inescapable part of university life?” A focus group study of Australian undergraduates. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(7), 616–629. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.47071
Heckhausen, H. (1991). The rubicon model of action phases. In H. Heckhausen (Ed.), Motivation and action. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190802617668
Howard, A. R., Albery, I. P., Frings, D., Spada, M. M., & Moss, A. C. (2019). Pre-partying amongst students in the UK: Measuring motivations and consumption levels across different educational contexts. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(9), 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1590414
Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Read, J. P. (2005). Toward efficient and comprehensive measurement of the alcohol problems continuum in college students: The brief Young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(7), 1180–1189. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000171940.95813.A5
Koestner, R., Horberg, E., Gaudreau, P., Powers, T., Di Dio, P., Bryan, C., … Salter, N. (2006). Bolstering implementation plans for the long haul: The benefits of simultaneously boosting self-concordance or self-efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(11), 1547–1558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206291782
Kuntsche, E., & Kuntsche, S. (2009). Development and validation of the drinking motive questionnaire revised short form (DMQ–R SF). Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903258967
Kuntsche, E., Otten, R., & Labhart, F. (2015). Identifying risky drinking patterns over the course of Saturday evenings: An event-level study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 744–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000057
Kypri, K., Langley, J. D., Saunders, J. B., & Cashell-Smith, M. L. (2007). Assessment may conceal therapeutic benefit: Findings from a randomized controlled trial for hazardous drinking. Addiction, 102(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01632.x
Labhart, F., Graham, K., Wells, S., & Kuntsche, E. (2013). Drinking before going to licensed premises: An event-level analysis of predrinking, alcohol consumption, and adverse outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(2), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01872.x
Labhart, F., & Kuntsche, E. (2017). Development and validation of the predrinking motives questionnaire. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(3), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12419
LaBrie, J. W., Hummer, J., Kenney, S., Lac, A., & Pedersen, E. (2011). Identifying factors that increase the likelihood for alcohol-induced blackouts in the prepartying context. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(8), 992–1002. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.542229
LaBrie, J. W., Hummer, J. F., Pedersen, E. R., Lac, A., & Chithambo, T. (2012). Measuring college students’ motives behind prepartying drinking: Development and validation of the Prepartying motivations inventory. Addictive Behaviors, 37(8), 962–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.003
LaBrie, J. W., & Pedersen, E. R. (2008). Prepartying promotes heightened risk in the college environment: An event-level report. Addictive Behaviors, 33(7), 955–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.011
Lindgren, K. P., Foster, D. W., Westgate, E. C., & Neighbors, C. (2013). Implicit drinking identity: Drinker + me associations predict college student drinking consistently. Addictive Behaviors, 38(5), 2163–2166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.026
Livingston, M. (2012). Perceptions of low-risk drinking levels among Australians during a period of change in the official drinking guidelines. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(2), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00414.x
McCreanor, T., Lyons, A., Moewaka Barnes, H., Hutton, F., Goodwin, I., & Griffin, C. (2016). ‘Drink a 12 box before you go’: Pre-loading among young people in Aotearoa New Zealand. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 11(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2015.1037314
Mezquita, L., Ibáñez, M. I., Moya-Higueras, J., Villa, H., Arias, B., Fañanás, L., & Ortet, G. (2016). Psychometric properties of Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) in Spanish adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 34(3), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000319
Miller, P. G., & Droste, N. (2013). Alcohol price considerations on alcohol and illicit drug use in university students. Journal of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, 1(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/jaldd.1000109
Miller, P. G., Droste, N., Groot, F., Palmer, D., Tindall, J., Busija, L., … Wiggers, J. (2015). Correlates and motives of pre-drinking with intoxication and harm around licensed venues in two cities. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12274
Miller, P. G., Tindall, J., Sønderlund, A., Groombridge, D., Lecathelinais, C., Gillham, K., McFarlane, E., de Groot, F., Droste, N., Sawyer, A., Palmer, D., Warren, I., & Wiggers, J. (2012). Dealing with Alcohol-Related Harm and the Night-Time Economy (DANTE): Final report (Monograph Series No. 43). https://aic.gov.au/publications/ndlerfmonograph/monograph43
Murgraff, V., Abraham, C., & McDermott, M. (2007). Reducing Friday alcohol consumption among moderate, women drinkers: Evaluation of a brief evidence-based intervention. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl083
Murgraff, V., White, D., & Phillips, K. (1996). Moderating binge drinking: It is possible to change behaviour if you plan it in advance. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 31(6), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008193
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, M., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
O’Rourke, S., Ferris, J., & Devaney, M. (2015). Beyond pre-loading: Understanding the associations between pre-, side-and back-loading drinking behavior and risky drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.008
O’Neil, A. I., Lafreniere, K. D., & Jackson, D. L. (2016). Pre-drinking motives in Canadian undergraduate students: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Prepartying motivations inventory and examination of new themes. Addictive Behaviors, 60, 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.024
Pedersen, E. R. (2016). Using the solid research base on pregaming to begin intervention development: An epilogue to the special issue on pregaming. Substance Use & Misuse, 51, 1067–1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1187533
Pedersen, E. R., & LaBrie, J. W. (2007). Partying before the party: Examining prepartying behavior among college students. Journal of American College Health, 56(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.3.237-246
Pilatti, A., & Read, J. P. (2018). Development and psychometric evaluation of a new measure to assess pregaming motives in Spanish-speaking young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 81, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.019
Read, J. P., Merrill, J. E., & Bytschkow, K. (2010). Before the party starts: Risk factors and reasons for “pregaming” in college students. Journal of American College Health, 58(5), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903540523
Riordan, B. C., Conner, T. S., Flett, J. A. M., Droste, N., Cody, L., Brookie, K. L., … Scarf, D. (2018). An intercept study to measure the extent to which New Zealand university students pre-game. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 42(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12754
Room, R., & Livingston, M. (2009). Does it matter where the drinking is, when the object is getting drunk? Addiction, 104(1), 10–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02423.x
Rutledge, P. C., Bestrashniy, J. R. B. M., & Nelson, T. F. (2016). Problematic drinking among postgraduate students: Binge drinking, prepartying, and mixing alcohol with energy drinks. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(8), 972–982. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1152499
Skidmore, J. R., & Murphy, J. G. (2011). The effect of drink price and next-day responsibilities on college student drinking: A behavioral economic analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021118
Slutske, W. S., Hunt-Carter, E. E., Nabors-Oberg, R. E., Sher, K. J., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., … Heath, A. C. (2004). Do college students drink more than their non-college-attending peers? Evidence from a population-based longitudinal female twin study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(4), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.530
Teixera, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J., Haerens, L., … Hagger, M. S. (2020). A classification of motivation and behavior change techniques used in self-determination theory-based interventions in health contexts. Motivation Science. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000172
Wechsler, H., & Isaac, N. (1992). Binge’ drinkers at Massachusetts colleges: Prevalence, drinking style, time trends, and associated problems. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(21), 2929–2931. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480210091038
Wells, S., Dumas, T. M., Bernards, S., Kuntsche, E., Labhart, F., & Graham, K. (2015). Predrinking, alcohol use, and breath alcohol concentration: A study of young adult bargoers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000065
Wells, S., Graham, K., & Purcell, J. (2009). Policy implications of the widespread practice of ‘pre-drinking’ or ‘pre-gaming’ before going to public drinking establishments – Are current prevention strategies backfiring? Addiction, 104(1), 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02393.x
Wright, C. J., Dietze, P. M., Crockett, B., & Lim, M. S. (2016). Participatory development of MIDY (Mobile intervention for drinking in young people). BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2876-5
Young, R. M., Connor, J. P., Ricciardelli, L., & Saunders, J. B. (2006). The role of alcohol expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy beliefs in university student drinking. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh237
Zamboanga, B. L., Merrill, J. E., Olthuis, J. V., Milroy, J. J., Sokolovsky, A. W., & Wyrick, D. L. (2019). Secondary effects of myPlaybook on college athletes’ avoidance of drinking games or pregaming as a protective behavior strategy: A multisite randomized controlled study. Social Science & Medicine, 228, 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.016
Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S., Ham, L., Borsari, B., & Van Tyne, K. (2010). Alcohol expectancies, pregaming, drinking games, and hazardous alcohol use in a multiethnic sample of college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9234-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Caudwell, K.M., Hagger, M.S. (2021). Determinants and Effects of Pre-drinking. In: Cooke, R., Conroy, D., Davies, E.L., Hagger, M.S., de Visser, R.O. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Psychological Perspectives on Alcohol Consumption. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66941-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66941-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66940-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-66941-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)