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History of Comparative Research and Synthesis in the LTER Network

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The Challenges of Long Term Ecological Research: A Historical Analysis

Part of the book series: Archimedes ((ARIM,volume 59))

Abstract

We present the historical development of cross-site/inter-site comparisons and synthesis by the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network from 1980–2015. Comparative ecosystem research began to flourish after John Brooks of the National Science Foundation (NSF) challenged the LTER community in 1986 to function as a collaborating network of sites rather than as a collection of independent sites. We traced the history over five periods defined by key events and changes that occurred. These periods were: First Steps in Founding the LTER Network from 1980–1986; Responding to Brooks’ Challenge from 1987–1995; Dealing with Institutional Instability from 1996–2000; Efforts to Plan for the Future from 2001–2010; and Implementing Parts of the Plan from 2011–2015. Early examples of cross-site research in the 1990s and 2000s were described. Comparisons of similar types of ecosystems that were characterized by similar properties such as grasslands with grassland or lakes with lakes were more common and proved easier to accomplish than did comparisons of different types of ecosystems such as lakes with deserts or forests with coastal waters. Analyses of the network’s publication history of cross-site research and synthesis pointed out that LTER sites required 15 years to work as a network but that cross-site research and synthesis increased strongly over the next 20 years. Finally, we posit that the LTER Network and NSF played an important role in helping move ecosystem sciences toward a new level of comparative analyses and syntheses across time and space.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1979 “A New Emphasis in Long-term Research” announcement from Long-term Research, Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation.

  2. 2.

    Jerry Franklin and Frank Harris, personal communication.

  3. 3.

    Jerry Franklin, personal communication.

  4. 4.

    Frank Harris, personal communication.

  5. 5.

    Arthur McKee and Richard Waring (H. J. Andrews), Dac Crossley and Wayne Swank (Coweeta), Pat Webber and Nel Caine (Niwot Ridge), John Vernberg and Dennis Allen (North Inlet Estuary), John J. Magnuson and Carl Bowser (North Temperate Lakes), and John Zimmerman and Richard Marzolf (Konza Prairie). Source: D Marzolf plenary talk, “Konza prairie and the origin of the LTER network,” 2006 LTER All Scientists Meeting.

  6. 6.

    G. R Marzolf, plenary talk, “Konza prairie and the origin of the LTER network,” 2006 LTER All Scientists Meeting.

  7. 7.

    North Temperate Lakes LTER proposal “1981 Comparative Studies of a Suite of Lakes in Wisconsin”, p. 15, in archives of the LTER at the Center for Limnology, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  8. 8.

    See Dec 19, 1984 Guidelines for Renewal Proposals revised, JJ Magnuson LTER 1, Box 20E9B, in LTER Network, Limnology archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  9. 9.

    Minutes, LTER Coordinating Committee Meeting, Nov 8–9, 1986, Denver Colorado, Box 20E8C, in LTER Network, Limnology Archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  10. 10.

    Magnuson personal notes, LTER Coordinating Committee Meeting, Nov 8–9, 1986, Denver Colorado, Box 20E8C, in LTER Network, Limnology archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  11. 11.

    LTER Coordinating Committee Meeting Nov 1987 and Washington briefing session on Long-Term Ecological Research Program, Box 20E8C, in LTER Network, Limnology archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  12. 12.

    LTER Network News 1997, Issue 20.

  13. 13.

    Coordinating Committee at Andrews LTER site in April 1988. Rankings summarized in June 13, 1988 memo from Caroline Bledsoe to the LTER Coordinating Committee, Box 20E8B, in LTER Network, Limnology archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  14. 14.

    A long-range strategic plan for the Long-Term Ecological Research Network.

    https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Strategic%20Plan.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  15. 15.

    LTER 2000: Creating a Global Environmental Research Network, 1992. https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/LTER2000.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  16. 16.

    Letter from Jerry Franklin to Mary Clutter based on Coordinating Committee discussions on July 30, 1993. https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/10year-review-response.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  17. 17.

    Scott Collins, personal communication.

  18. 18.

    LTER 2000–2010: A Decade of Synthesis. https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/lter_2010.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  19. 19.

    Strategic and Implementation Plan: Long Term Ecological Research Network. https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/LTER_SIP_Dec_05_2010.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2020.

  20. 20.

    Long-Term Ecological Research Program: A Report of the 30 Year Review Committee.

    https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/bio12001.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  21. 21.

    https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Recommendations_30_year_review.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2020.

  22. 22.

    Ecological data on demand. At: https://ecotrends.info/. Accessed 2 June 2020.

  23. 23.

    Envisioned as early as 2007 in The Decadal Plan for LTER: Integrative Science for Society and the Environment: https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/TheDecadalPlanReformattedForBook_with_citation.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2020.

  24. 24.

    EDI data portal: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/home.jsp

  25. 25.

    D. M. Robertson, ‘The Use of Lake Water Temperature and Ice Cover as Climatic Indicators.” Ph.D. diss., 1989, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  26. 26.

    The coefficient of variation for a particular measure such as “leaf area index” or “fish abundance” is relative to the mean of that same measure at that LTER site. It is a relative measure of variation not dependent on the units of the measure and is expressed as a percent or proportion.

  27. 27.

    Long-term Cross Site Decomposition Experiment, 1990–2002: http://andlter.forestry.oregonstate.edu/data/abstract.aspx?dbcode=TD023

  28. 28.

    LIDET related publications, as of March 30, 2011: https://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/lter/pubs/webdocs/reports/lidet/pub_list.htm

  29. 29.

    LTER January 1987 Remote Sensing Workshop. Limnology archives, Box 20E8B and 20E9C, in LTER Network, Limnology archives, Steenbock Library, Records and Archives, University of Wisconsin , Madison.

  30. 30.

    An alternate version of the original from an 1863 diary by the Jesuit Priest, Father Strictland, “A man may do an immense deal of good, if he does not need the credit.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the National Science Foundation for supporting the LTER sites and the LTER Network beginning in the early 1980s. We recognize investments of time, talent, and data from the many colleagues and students across the LTER Network. NTL LTER program supported final figure preparation. We thank Jerry Franklin, Frank Harris, and Scott Collins for their insight on development of the LTER program, and Gina Rumore for sharing notes and interviews from her research. We also thank Sharon Kingsland and Emily Stanley for their many suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    John J. Magnuson

  2. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Robert B. Waide

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  1. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Robert B. Waide

  2. Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sharon E. Kingsland

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Magnuson, J.J., Waide, R.B. (2021). History of Comparative Research and Synthesis in the LTER Network. In: Waide, R.B., Kingsland, S.E. (eds) The Challenges of Long Term Ecological Research: A Historical Analysis. Archimedes, vol 59. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66933-1_12

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