Long Widowhoods (1296–1380)

Mielke, Christopher

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66511-1_6

Christopher Mielke⁴

Part of the book series: Queenship and Power ((QAP))

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Abstract

The focus of this chapter is on two queens who were widowed for many decades (and one who died as a consort). Agnes of Habsburg (d. 1364) lived out her widowhood in her family’s ancestral lands, establishing a rich monastery in Königsfelden. Here, she developed a large personal library, embarked on a massive decorating campaign to promote her natal family, and created many items which were donated to various churches in the region. Elizabeth of Poland (d. 1380), wife of Charles I Robert, has surviving material from every possible category of analysis. Not only was she influential enough to become Regent of Poland from 1370 to 1375, but her vast wealth was used (unsuccessfully) to try and gain the crown of Naples for her younger son.

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Notes

1.
Dercsényi, ed., The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, 142–145; Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen, 128–130.
2.
Agnes was born on May 18, 1281; the marriage was concluded either in February or April of 1296. Wertner, Az Árpádok családi Története, 574–575; Attila Zsoldos, “The Problem of Dating Queens’ Charters of the Árpádian Age (Eleventh–Thirteenth Century),” in Dating Undated Medieval Charters, ed. Michael Gervers (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2002), 154; Zsoldos, The Árpáds and Their Wives, 199.
3.
Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 112.
4.
Andrew III offered the town and county of Bratislava as her dower. Wertner, Az Árpádok családi Története, 577.
5.
Szentpétery and Zsoldos, Az Árpád-házi hercegek, hercegnők és királynék okleveleinek, 171–176; Hermann and Theodor von Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn: 1280–1364 (Aarau: Lucern, 1867), 9–10.
6.
Altman, “Óbuda,” 93–94; Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 163; Liebenau and Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn, 10–11.
7.
Elizabeth (the Blessed Elizabeth of Töss) was the daughter of Andrew III by Fenenna of Kujavia. She had been betrothed to Wencelsas (III) of Bohemia and Poland who was King of Hungary from 1301 to 1305, but the marriage never took place. Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 110.
8.
Pray, Syntagma historicum de sigillis regum, et reginarum Hungariae, 59; Liebenau and Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn, 9–10.
9.
Sándor Szilagyi, ed. A Magyar Nemzet Története [Hungarian National History], Vol. III (Budapest: Athenaeum Irodalmi, 1895), 33.
10.
Bodor, “Árpád-kori pecsétjeink, I.,” 11, 13 n 68.
11.
Szilagyi, ed. A Magyar Nemzet Története, Vol. III, 33.
12.
Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 110.
13.
Kumorovitz, A Magyar Pecséthasználat története a középkorban, 41; Zsoldos and Szentpétery, Az Árpád-házi hercegek, hercegnők és a királynék okleveleinek kritikai jegyzéke, 173–175.
14.
Alfred Nevismal, “Königin Agnes von Ungarn: Leben und Stellung in der habsburgischen Politik ihrer Zeit” (PhD diss.: University of Vienna, 1951), 50–51.
15.
U.17/0276a.
16.
Carola Jäggi, “Eastern Choir or Western Gallery? The Problem of the Place of the Nuns’ Choir in Königsfelden and Other Early Mendicant Nunneries,” Gesta 40 (2001): 80; Brigitte Kurmann-Schwartz, Die mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden (Bern: Stämpfli, 2008), 27–30.
17.
Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 110; Jäggi, “Eastern Choir or Western Gallery?” 81.
18.
One visit was to Strasbourg in 1318, another to Thun in 1333. MNL OL DF 98338, 258363, 258364; Liebenau and Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn, 31–164; Gyula Kristó, Anjou-kori oklevéltar III (Budapest and Szeged, 1994), 227, 281.
19.
Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden (Bern: Stämpfli, 2008), 44.
20.
Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, “Seeing and Understanding Narrative and Thematic Method in the Stained Glass of the Choir of Königsfelden ca. 1330–1340,” in The Four Modes of Seeing: Approaches to Medieval Imagery in Honor of Madeline Harrison Caviness, ed. Evelyn Staudinger Lane, Elizabeth Carton Pastan, and Ellen M. Shortell (Burlington: Ashgate, 2009), 260.
21.
Kurmann-Schwarz, “Seeing and Understanding Narrative and Thematic Method,” 260; Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 362–373.
22.
Tobias Hodel, “Das Kloster in der Region. Herrschaft, Verwaltung und Handeln mit Schrift,” in Königsfelden: Königsmord, Kloster, Klinik, ed. Simon Teuscher and Claudia Moddelmog (Baden: Hier und Jetzt, 2012), 111–112.
23.
Gilchrist, Gender and Material Culture, 128–133.
24.
Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, “Die Präsenz der abwesenden Dynastie: Die Bilder und Wappen der Habsburger im Chor und im Langhaus der ehemaligen Klosterkirche von Königsfelden,” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmalpflege LXVI (2012) 3/4: 312; Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 279–291.
25.
These are the ÖNB Codex 8614, Vienna, Ms. LM 22737 from the Zürich SLM, Ms. 124 from the Luzern ZHB, Ms. L 94 from the Zürich, ZB. These date to c. 1555, 1560, 1580, and 1628 respectively. Martin Gerbert et al., Monumenta Augustae Domus Austriacae, 3, 2 (Vienna: 1773); Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 32, 74–75, 210–214.
26.
Window I. Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 211.
27.
Ibid., 211–212; Gerbert et al., Monumenta Augustae Domus Austriacae, 2, 3, Table 18.
28.
Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 27, 30, 32, 39, 80, 230.
29.
There are also fragments for the windows of Agnes’ two brothers Henry and Leopold I as well as her husband, Andrew III. Ibid., 386–392.
30.
The locations of the windows in the nave can only be surmised. Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 231–232.
31.
Kurmann-Schwarz, Die Mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien der ehemaligen Klosterkirche Königsfelden, 179–180, 486–487.
32.
Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, “Die Präsenz der abwesenden Dynastie: Die Bilder und Wappen der Habsburger im Chor und im Langhaus der ehemaligen Klosterkirche von Königsfelden,” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmalpflege LXVI (2012): 3/4, 310, 312.
33.
Wolfgang Jahn, “Ritterfahne mit dem ungarischen Wappen,” in Bayern—Ungarn, tausend Jahre. Katalog zur Bayerischen Landesausstellung 2001, Oberhausmuseum, Passau, 8 Mai bis 28. Oktober 2001, ed. Wolfgang Jahn et al. (Passau, 2001), 125.
34.
Jahn, “Ritterfahne mit dem ungarischen Wappen,” 125–126.
35.
Liebenau and Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn, 133–137.
36.
Susan Marti, “Königin Agnes und ihre Geschenke: Zeugnisse, Zuschreibungen und Legenden,” Kunst + Architektur in der Schweiz 47 (1996): 170–171, 179 n 17, 18.
37.
“Von unser Lieben frowen und Mutter Chüngin Elisabeth und von uns mit einander: einen hohen Cristallen, ufgericht nach der Lengi uf ein silbrin Fuss verguldet und verwurket mit Gestein und Berlin und oben daruf ein guldin Crützlin mit fünf gar guten Steinen, darinen ist das Sakrament, in der Frowen Chor zwo Büchsen mit geschlagem Gold mit guten Steinen Berlen, in der einen ist das Sakrament us Fronaltar, in der andern treit mann das Sakrament, so (man) die Frowen bewaret.” Liebenau and Liebenau, Hundert Urkunden, 134; Marti, “Königin Agnes und ihre Geschenke,” 179 n 18.
38.
Marti, “Königin Agnes und ihre Geschenke,” 171.
39.
Liebenau and Liebenau, Hundert Urkunden, 134–135.
40.
Marti, “Königin Agnes und ihre Geschenke,” 171.
41.
“Ein gross tavelen mit Cristallen und mit zwein grossen Steinen an Mitteninnen, gewürket mit gestein und Berlen.” Liebenau and Liebenau, Hundert Urkunden, 134.
42.
Marti, “Königin Agnes und ihre Geschenke,” 171.
43.
Ibid., 175–176.
44.
Ibid., 170, 176–178.
45.
Martina Wehrli-Johns, “Von der Stiftung zum Alltag. Klösterliches Leben bis zur Reformation,” in Königsfelden: Königsmord, Kloster, Klinik, ed. Simon Teuscher and Claudia Moddelmog (Baden: Hier und Jetzt, 2012), 82, 83.
46.
Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 115.
47.
The dedication reads “Excellentissimae Dominae suae Ungarorum Reginae, necnon felicis recordationis Domini Alberti quondam Regis Romanorum filiae, Frater Philippus miseratione divina Eystetensis Episcopus, quidquid potest reverentie et honoris, et si quid valeant orationes peccatoris.” Hermann Holzbauer, Mittelalterliche Heiligenverehrung: Heilige Walpurgis (Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1972), 434–435; Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and her Stepdaughter,” 115.
48.
Philipp von Rathsamhausen, Acta Sanctorum, February III (Paris and Rome, 1865), 553–563.
49.
My thanks to Gábor Klaniczay for pointing this out. Philip von Rathsamhausen, Commentarius de vita et rebus gestis S. Walpurgae virginis: abbastissae monasterii in Heidenheim, ed. Petrus Stevartius (Ingolstadt: Amgermaria vidua, 1616).
50.
Holzbauer, Mittelalterliche Heiligenverehrung: Heilige Walpurgis, 435.
51.
The original is in the Basil University Library Archives, B IX 15. G. Théry, “Le Benedictus Deus de Maître Eckhart,” in Mélanges Joseph de Ghellinck, S. J. Vol. II (Gembloux: Éditions J. Duculot, 1951), 905, 908–917; an English version of the text can be found in Meister Eckhart, Edmund Colledge and Bernanrd McGinn, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense (New York: Paulist Press, 1981), 209–239.
52.
Jan Aertsen, “Meister Eckhart,” in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, ed. Jorge Gracia and Timothy Noone (Malden: Blackwell, 2003), 440–441.
53.
Théry, “Le Benedictus Deus de Maître Eckhart,” 935; Aertsen, “Meister Eckhart,” 440.
54.
Kurt Ruh, Meister Eckhart: Theologe, Prediger, Mystiker (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1985), 115–117, 135; Honemann, “A Medieval Queen and Her Stepdaughter,” 115.
55.
“Hoc libro precum utebatur Regina Agnes uxor Andreae III. Hungarorum regis filia Alberti I. Austriaci, SRJ Imperatoris, quae occiso patre vixit et obiit pia vidua Monasterio from ipsa fundato Konigsfelden anno 1364”. Charlotte Bretscher-Gisiger and Rudolf Gamper, Katalog der mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Klöster Muri und Hermetschwil (Dietikon-Zürich: Urs Graf, 2005), 255; an online version can be found as well: Sarnen, Benedictine College, Cod. Membr. 69, front—Prayer Book (http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/list/one/bks/membr0069).
56.
Bretscher-Gisiger and Gamper, Katalog der mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Klöster Muri, 255–257.
57.
Achim Masser, “Gebete und Benediktionen von Muri,” in Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters Verfasserlexikon II, ed. Wolfgang Stammler et al. (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1980), 1110–1111.
58.
Bretscher-Gisiger and Gamper, Katalog der mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Klöster Muri, 254.
59.
Alfred Thomas, Anne’s Bohemia: Czech Literature and Society, 1310–1420, 2, 12.
60.
“… als die der Königin Agnes, von der uns vdHagen erzählt, sie habe eine deutsche Bibel besessen.” Liebenau and Liebenau, Urkundliche Nachweise zu der Lebensgeschichte der verwittweten Königin Agnes von Ungarn, 137.
61.
Csaba Csapodi and Klára Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica: Kódexek és nyomtatott könyvek Magyarországon 1526 előtt [Bibliotheca Hungarica: Codices and Printed Books in Hungary Before 1526], Vol. III (Budapest: Magyar Tudományos adakémia Könyvtára, 1988–1994), 57 Items 321–322.
62.
Brigitta Lauro, Die Grabstätten der Habsburger: Kunstdenkmäler einer europäischen Dynastie (Vienna: Brandstätter, 2007), 240, 247.
63.
Estella Weiss-Krejci, “Restless Corpses’ Secondary Burial’ in the Babenberg and Habsburg Dynasties,” Antiquity, 75, 775–776.
64.
The drawing was done by Salomon Kleiner. Martin Gerbert, Marquardt Herrgott, and Rusten Heer, Monumenta Augustae Domus Austriacae, Vol. IV (Vienna: 1772), p. II, Table X.
65.
Jäggi, “Eastern Choir or Western Gallery?” 80.
66.
Kurmann-Schwartz, Die mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien, 68.
67.
Ibid., 70–71.
68.
Kurmann-Schwarz, “Die Präsenz der abwesenden Dynastie,” 317–318.
69.
Kurmann-Schwartz, Die mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien, 71.
70.
Kurmann-Schwartz, Die mittelalterlichen Glasmalereien, 71; Lauro, Die Grabstätten der Habsburger, 245.
71.
A garment with three ropes was found in her tomb in the eighteenth century. Franz Kreuter and Martin Gerbert, Feyerliche Uebersetzung der Kaiserlich-Königlich auch Herzoglich Oesterreichischen Höchsten Leichen aus ihren Grabstädten Basel und Königsfelden in der Schweiz (St. Blaise, 1770), 21.
72.
Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen, 130.
73.
Gyula Kristó, “Károly Róbert családja” [The Family of Charles Robert] Aetas 20:4 (2005): 15–17; Stanisław Sroka and Lidia Stefanowska, “A Hungarian-Galician Marriage at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century?” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16, nos. 3/4 (1992): 261–263.
74.
MNL OL DF 76198. Gyula Kristó, Anjou-kori oklevéltar II (Budapest and Szeged, 1992), 26; Gyula Kristó, Anjou-kori oklevéltar III (Budapest and Szeged, 1994), 192, 214.
75.
MNL, OL DF 1814.
76.
Maria’s charter from 1306 has a sealing clause as well as a strap where the seal was attached on the back. MNL OL DF 76198. Gyula Kristó, “Károly Róbert családja” [The Family of Charles Robert] Aetas 20:4 (2005): 15–17; Stanisław Sroka and Lidia Stefanowska, “A Hungarian-Galician Marriage at the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century?” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16:3/4 (1992): 264–265.
77.
István Petrovics, “The Fading Glory of a Former Medieval Royal Seat: The Case of Medieval Temesvár,” …The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways…: Festschrift in Honor of János M. Bak, ed. Balázs Nagy and Marcell Sebők (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999), 529.
78.
Most of the medieval town was destroyed in the Ottoman wars of the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries. Petrovics, “The Fading Glory of a Former Medieval Royal Seat,” 529–531; László Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 161.
79.
Dercsényi, ed. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, 145.
80.
Hankó, A magyar királysírok sorsa, 137; Engel, “Temetkezések a középkori székesfehérvári bazilikában,” 622.
81.
Dercsényi, ed., The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, 145, folio 139; Gárdonyi-Csapodi, “Description and Interpretation of the Illustrations in the Illuminated Chronicle,” 83.
82.
John Carmi Parsons, “‘Never Was a Body Buried with Such Solemnity and Honour’: The Burials and Posthumous Commemorations of English Queens to 1500,” in Queens and Queenship in medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997), 333.
83.
Gárdonyi-Csapodi, “Description and Interpretation of the Illustrations in the Illuminated Chronicle,” 83.
84.
Dercsényi, ed., The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, 145–146, 148; Engel, Realm of St. Stephen, 137.
85.
Dercsényi, ed., The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, 146; Gárdonyi-Csapodi, “Description and Interpretation of the Illustrations in the Illuminated Chronicle,” 83; Bak, “Queens as Scapegoats in Medieval Hungary,” 229.
86.
Engel, Realm of St. Stephen, 171.
87.
Ernő Marosi, “Kettős pecsét,” in Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382, ed. Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, and Lívia Varga (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 144.
88.
Danbury, “Queens and Powerful Women: Image and Authority,” 20.
89.
Ernő Marosi, “II. felségi (kettős) pecsét (1323–1330,” “III. felségi (kettős) pecsét (1331–1342),” and “Kettős pecsét,” in Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382, ed. Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, and Lívia Varga (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 142–144.
90.
MNL OL DF 76300 and 2110.
91.
The double seals of Charles I Robert were around 100–112 mm in diameter. Marosi, “I. felségi (kettős) pecsét (1308–1323)”, “II. felségi (kettős) pecsét (1323–1330,” “III. felségi (kettős) pecsét (1331–1342),” in Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382, ed. Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, and Lívia Varga (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 142–143.
92.
There are eleven known instances where she used the great seal as a widow, most importantly on her last will and testament. MNL OL DF 4072, 4170, 4187, 108194, 5385, 5633, 5631, 5699, 5715, 5785 and 6692.
93.
“S.E.R…GINE…” Ernő Marosi, “Gyűrűs pecsét” [Ring Seal] in Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382, ed. Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, and Lívia Varga (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 145.
94.
MNL OL DF 4904.
95.
Many of the charters issued by the queen reveal only the trace of an impression or a strip of vellum to indicate how the document had been secured.
96.
Ernő Marosi, “Gyűrűs pecsét Erzsébet királyné oklevelén” [The ring seal on the charter of Queen Elizabeth], in Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382, ed. Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, and Lívia Varga (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 143.
97.
MNL OL DF 237254.
98.
Ernő Marosi, “Erzsébet magyar és lengyel királyné pecsétje” [Seal of Elizabeth Queen of Hungary and Poland], in Ernő Marosi, Melinda Tóth, Lívia Varga, and István Király Múzeum, Művészet I. Lajos király korában, 1342–1382: katalogus (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 144.
99.
Huszár, Münzkatalog Ungarn von 1000 bis heute, 11–12.
100.
Michael de Ferdinandy, “Ludwig I. von Ungarn (1342–1382),” in Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland, ed. S. B. Vardy et al. (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1986), 3.
101.
Réthy, Corpus Nummorum Hungariae, Vol. II, 17.
102.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “The Artistic Patronage of the Hungarian Angevins in Poland,” 21–22.
103.
Two more pieces of this crown were found on the hand reliquary of the Blessed John of Trogir in the Cathedral of Trogir. Imre Takács, “Bruchstück einer Krone,” Sigismundus Rex et Imperator: Kunst und Kultur zur Zeit Sigismunds von Luxemburg, 1387–1437, Imre Takács et al. (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006), 93–94; Ana Munk, “The Queen and Her Shrine: An Art Historical Twist on Historical Evidence Concerning the Hungarian Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, Donor of the Saint Simeon Shrine,” Hortus Artium Medievalium 10 (2004): 255.
104.
Vattai, “A Margitszigeti Korona,” 194; László Szende, “Piast Erzsébet és udvara (1320–1380)” [Elizabeth Piast and Her Court (1320–1380)] (PhD diss.: ELTE, 2007), 173 n1036.
105.
A. Aldásy, “Neusohl, Diocese of,” in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Charles Herbermann et al. (New York: Robert Appleman Co., 1911), Vol. X, 774.
106.
A “crinale aureum” for Mary and a “crinale liliis ornatum” for Jadwiga. Marosi, “A 14. századi Magyarország udvari művészettörténetírásban,” 73–74, n. 32; László Szende, “Mitherrscherin oder einfache Königinmutter Elisabeth von Lokietek in Ungarn (1320–1380),” Majestas 13 (2005): 62.
107.
Ernő Marosi, “A zágrábi Szent László casula” [The Saint Ladislas Mantle from Zagreb], in Károly Róbert és Székesfehérvár: King Charles Robert and Székesfehérvár, ed. Terézia Kerny and András Smohay (Székesfehérvár: Székesfehérvári Egyházi Múzeum, 2011), 130.
108.
One theory dates the mantle to 1094, when Ladislas I founded the bishopric of Zagreb. Enikő Sipos, “A Szent László palást metamorphozisa,” [The metamorphosis of the Saint Ladislas mantle], Folia Historica 18 (1993): 255.
109.
Curiously enough, the secondary literature has never considered Adelaide of Rheinfelden—the wife of St. Ladislas—as the lady accompanying him when he is identified as the main figure. Sipos, “A Szent László palást metamorphozisa,” 255; Marosi, “A zágrábi Szent László casula,” 132.
110.
He does not mention Beatrice of Luxemburg (d. 1319), the second wife of Charles as a possibility. Marosi, “A zágrábi Szent László casula,” 135–138.
111.
Their wings have been removed. Margaret Freeman, “A Shrine for a Queen,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21/10 (1963): 333.
112.
Proctor-Tiffany, “The Gift-giving of Clémence of Hungary,” 208–210.
113.
Freeman, “A Shrine for a Queen,” 336–339.
114.
Originally this piece was thought to be the work of the Sienese goldsmith Nicolaus Gallus based on the initials “NG” carved into the neck, but recent studies ascribe it to a Hungarian workshop. Eva Sniezynska-Stolot, “Die Ikonographie der Königin Elisabeth,” 18–19; László Szende, “Piast Erzsébet és udvara (1320–1380)” [Elizabeth Piast and Her Court (1320–1380)] (PhD diss.: ELTE, 2007), 32.
115.
Klaniczay, Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses, 61, 112, 236.
116.
Dragoş Gheorge Nastasoiu, “Patterns of Devotion and Traces of Art During the Diplomatic Journey of Queen Elizabeth Piast to Italy in 1343–1344,” in Convivium: Exchanges and Interactions in the Arts of Medieval Europe, Byzantium, and the Mediterranean, ed. Michele Bacci and Ivan Foletti (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), 106–107.
117.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “Die Ikonographie der Königin Elisabeth,” 19–22.
118.
Imre Takács, “Kapolna alakú ereklyetartó magyar címerrel a bari San Nicola kincstárában” [Chapel-shaped reliquary with the Hungarian coat-of-arms in the treasury of Saint Nicholas in Bari], Ars Hungaria XXVI/1 (1998): 66–82; Nastasoiu, “Patterns of Devotion and Traces of Art during the Diplomatic Journey of Queen Elizabeth Piast to Italy in 1343–1344,” 104–105.
119.
Munk has suggested that Elizabeth of Bosnia was the donor. Klaniczay, Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses, 337–338; Ana Munk, “The Queen and Her Shrine: An Art Historical Twist on Historical Evidence Concerning the Hungarian Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, Donor of the Saint Simeon Shrine,” Hortus Artium Medievalium 10 (2004): 254.
120.
Szende, “Piast Erzsébet és udvara (1320–1380),” 135–136.
121.
Marek Walczak “Czternastowieczne figurki jaselkowe w klasztorze Klarysek przy kosciele Sw. Andrzeja w Krakowie: Uwagi o stylu, datowaniu, ikonografii i funkcji” [Fourteenth Century Nativity Scene Figures in the Convent of the Poor Clares at the Church of St. Andrew in Cracow. Some Remarks on Their Style, Dating, Iconography and Function], Modus. Prace z historii sztuki 2 (2001): 39.
122.
Walczak “Czternastowieczne figurki jaselkowe w klasztorze,” 6, 9, 16.
123.
Ana Munk, “The Queen and Her Shrine: An Art Historical Twist on Historical Evidence Concerning the Hungarian Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, Donor of the Saint Simeon Shrine,” Hortus Artium Medievalium 10 (2004): 254; Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess: Studies in the Pagan and Christian Roots of Mariology (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004), 215.
124.
These items include three icons of the Virgin Mary, two monstrances, two candlesticks, two elaborate heraldic decorations, and two pairs of crests with the Hungarian and Polish coat-of-arms (a total of six heraldic badges). Éva Kovács, “I. Lajos király címerei Aachenben,” in Művészet I. Lajos Király korában, 1342–1382, 107–108; Stephan Szigeti, “Ludwig der Grosse und Aachen,” in Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland, ed. S. B. Vardy et al. (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1986), 272–273; Herta Lepie, “Deux écus, appartenant à un mors de chape,” in L’Europe des Anjou, 337–338; Imre Takács, “Zwei Schmuckstücke mit Wappen,” in Sigismundus Rex et Imperator: Kunst und Kultur zur Zeit Sigismunds von Luxemburg 1387–1437 (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006), 102; Dragoş Gheorge Nastasoiu, “Patterns of Devotion and Traces of Art: The Pilgrimage of Queen Elizabeth Piast to Marburg, Cologne, and Aachen in 1357,” Umĕní LXIV (2016): 33–37.
125.
Edit Madas and István Monok, A Könyvkultúra Magyarországon, 49–51; Tünde Wehli, “Könyvfestészet a Magyarországi Anjou-udvarban” [Book Illumination at the Hungarian-Angevin Court], in Művészet I Lajos király korában. Katalógus, ed. Ernő Marosi et al. (Budapest: MTA Művészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 119–129; Edith Hoffman, Régi magyar bibliofilek [Old Hungarian Bibliophiles] (Budapest: Magyar Bibliophil Társaság, 1992).
126.
Csapodi and Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica, Vol. III, 67–68, Item 384.
127.
The three surviving books are the Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, a work on surgery by Albucasis, and the Secretum Secretorum by Pseudo-Aristoteles. Csapodi and Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica, Vol. I 131 Item 346; 263 Item 916; Vol. II 132 Item 2332; Vol. III 69–70, Items 391–401.
128.
MNL OL DF 6692. Marosi, “A 14. századi Magyarország udvari művészettörténetírásban,” 73 n 32.
129.
Marosi, “A 14. századi Magyarország udvari művészettörténetírásban,” 73–74, n 32.
130.
Tibor Győry, “Monumentumok a magyar orvosi rend történetéből,” Századok (1901): 49–50; Csapodi and Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica, Vol. II, 289 Item 3040.
131.
It was sold in 1959 to the New York antiquarian H. P. Kraus for £24,000. György Szabó, “Egy újabb magyar vonatkozású kódexről,” Új Látóhatár VI/2 (1963): 178–118; Csapodi and Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica, Vol. II, 336 Item 3322.
132.
Dragoş-Gheorge Nastasoiu, “Patterns of Devotion and Traces of Art: The Pilgrimage of Queen Elizabeth Piast to Marburg, Cologne, and Aachen in 1357,” Umĕní LXIV (2016): 32.
133.
The books from Aachen are known from two heraldic devices, the commissioner of the Legendary is unknown, and Elizabeth once employed Markus Kalti, who is thought to be the author of the Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle. Takács, “Zwei Schmuckstücke mit Wappen,” 101–102; Dezső Dercsényi, “The Illuminated Chronicle and Its Period,” in The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, ed. Dezső Dercsényi (Budapest: Corvina Press, 1969), 23, 42; Csapodi and Gárdonyi-Csapodiné, Bibliotheca Hungarica, Vol. I, 263 Item 916; Béla Zsolt Szakács, The Visual World of the Hungarian Angevin Legendary (Budpaest: Central European University, 2016), 9.
134.
This is particularly a problem with a keystone from the Gothic Hall in the main Market Square of Cracow which depicts a woman with a large headdress. While Elizabeth of Poland has been suggested as the person depicted here, the young age of the sitter and the date (either 1375 or 1386) indicates that it is more likely Jadwiga, Queen of Poland. Sniezynska-Stolot, “Die Ikonographie der Königin Elisabeth,” 27.
135.
Ilona Czeglédy, “Zárókő női fejjel” [Keystone with the Head of a Woman], in Művészet I. Lajos király korában 1342–1382 (Budapest: MTA Műészettörténeti Kutató Csoport, 1982), 240–241; László Gerevich, The Art of Buda and Pest in the Middle Ages (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1971), 71; Robert Odell Bork, The Geometry of Creation: Architectural Drawing and the Dynamics of Gothic design (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 231.
136.
Czeglédy, “Zárókő női fejjel,” 241.
137.
Ilona Czeglédy, The Castle of Diósgyőr (Budapest: Corvina Press, 1971), 10–11, 31.
138.
József Csemegi, A budavári főtemplom középkori építéstörténete [The Medieval Building History of the Main Church of Buda Castle] (Budapest: Képzőművészeti Alap Kiadóvállalata, 1955), 96–97.
139.
Éva Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as a Patron of Architecture,” Acta Historiae Artium 20 (1974): 13–28.
140.
Csemegi, A budavári főtemplom, 97.
141.
Julianna Altmann, “Neueste Forschungen der Burg der Königin in Óbuda,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungariae 34 (1982): 222.
142.
Altmann, “Neueste Forschungen der Burg der Königin in Óbuda,” 225–230; Altman, “Óbuda,” 103.
143.
The seal also features the Hungarian and Polish coats-of-arms. Altmann, “Neueste Forschungen der Burg der Königin in Óbuda,” 230–231; Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 24.
144.
Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 163.
145.
Gergely Buzás, “History of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” in The Medieval Royal Palace at Visegrád, ed. Gergely Buzás and József Laszlovszky (Budapest: Archaeolingua Press, 2013), 30–32.
146.
Végh, “Buda,” 167; Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 161.
147.
Zoltán Bencze, “A budavári Táncsics Mihály utca 7–9. rövid története” [A Short History of No. 7–9 Táncsics Mihály Street in Buda Castle], Archaeologia—Altum Castrum Online (2014): 5–6.
148.
László Zolnay, “Ásatások a budai I. Táncsics Mihály utca 9. területén. A XIII-XIV. századi budavári királyi rezidencia kérdéséhez” [Excavations Undertaken on a Plot in the 1st District of Buda, 9 Táncsics Mihály Street. Additions to the Question of the 13th–14th Royal Residence in Buda] Archaeologiai Értesítő 94 (1967): 40; Bencze, “A budavári Táncsics Mihály utca 7–9. rövid története,” 7.
149.
Buzás, “History of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 25–26.
150.
Zolnay, “Ásatások a budai I. Táncsics Mihály utca 9. Területén,” 40–42.
151.
Gyürky, “A Szent Márton kápolna,” 34.
152.
Zolnay, “Ásatások a budai I. Táncsics Mihály utca 9. Területén,” 43; Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 162.
153.
Végh, “Buda,” 167, 208.
154.
St. Stephen constructed the bailiff’s castle by 1002 and the environs were used for hunting. Andrew I and Salomon built churches in the town; the next phase of construction would not be until 1249 when Maria Laskarina built the citadel. Buzás, “Visegrád,” 118–119.
155.
Buzás, “Visegrád,” 120.
156.
Buzás, “History of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 22–26.
157.
Buzás, “The Functional Reconstruction of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 164.
158.
Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 161.
159.
Charles I Robert died in the citadel. Buzás, “History of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 26–27.
160.
Buzás, “The Functional Reconstruction of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 172–173.
161.
Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 161.
162.
Czeglédy, The Castle of Diósgyőr, 11; Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 164.
163.
Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 164.
164.
MNL OL DF 52140.
165.
Szende, “Les châteaux de reines,” 164.
166.
Buzás, “The Functional Reconstruction of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 169.
167.
The oratory was the only entrance to the room in this corner tower. Buzás, “The Functional Reconstruction of the Visegrád Royal Palace,” 169.
168.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 29; Klára Gárdonyi-Csapodi, “Description and Interpretation of the Illustrations in the Illuminated Chronicle,” in The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum, ed. Dezső Dercsényi (Budapest: Corvina Press, 1969), 83; Brian McEntee, “Queen Elizabeth of Hungary (1320–1380) and Óbuda: Patronage, Personality and Place,” in La diplomatie des États Angevins au XIIIe et XIVe siècles, ed. Zoltán Kordé and István Petrovics (Rome and Szeged, 2010), 211–212.
169.
Herta Bertalan, “Das Klarissenkloster von Óbuda aus dem 14. Jahrhundert,” Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 34 (1982): 151–175; McEntee, “Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and the Óbuda Clares,” 210–218; Herta Bertalan, “Óbudai Klarissza Kolostor” [The Obuda Poor Claires Cloister], Budapest Régiségei 27 (1976): 269–272.
170.
Klaniczay, “Sacred Sites in Medieval Buda,” 245; Pál Lővei, “The Sepulchral Monument of Saint Margaret of the Árpád Dynasty,” Acta Historiae Artium 26 (1980): 175–222.
171.
St. Martin was founded with her son, Louis I. Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 26.
172.
Klaniczay, Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses, 316; Eileen McKiernan-González, “Reception, Gender, and Memory: Elisenda de Montcada and Her Dual-Effigy Tomb at Santa Maria de Pedralbes,” in Reassessing the Roles of Women as ‘Makers’ of Medieval Art and Architecture, ed. Therese Martin (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2012), 314–315.
173.
Paul Crossley, Gothic Architecture in the Reign of Kasimir the Great (Cracow: Ministerstwo Kultury i sztuki, zarzad muzeów i ochrony zabytków, 1985), 15, 203.
174.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as a Patron of Architecture,” 16.
175.
Ibid., 28.
176.
McEntee, “Queen Elizabeth of Hungary (1320–1380) and Óbuda,” 211; McEntee, “The Burial Site Selection of a Hungarian Queen,” 69–71; Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 14–15.
177.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 16.
178.
Bertalan, “Das Klarissenkloster von Óbuda,” 158–160; McEntee, “Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and the Óbuda Clares,” 39.
179.
Bertalan, “Óbudai Klarissza Kolostor,” 272.
180.
Szende, “Mitherrscherin oder einfach Königinmutter Elisabeth,” 61.
181.
Sniezynska-Stolot, “Queen Elizabeth as Patron of Architecture,” 16–18; McEntee, “Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and the Óbuda Clares,” 41.
182.
Bertalan, “Das Klarissenkloster von Óbuda aus dem 14. Jahrhundert,” 166; McEntee, “Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and the Óbuda Clares,” 40.
183.
Długosz is particularly critical of her regency. Długosz, The Annals of Jan Długosz, 323–331; Agnieszka Sadraei, “The Tomb of Kazimir the Great in the Wawel Cathedral of Cracow,” Acta Historiae Artium 42 (2001): 89, 107.
184.
McEntee, “Queen Elizabeth of Hungary (1320–1380) and Óbuda,” 217–218; Bertalan, “Óbudai Klarissza Kolostor,” 269.
185.
McEntee, “Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and the Óbuda Clares,” 39–40, 67–68.

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Mielke, C. (2021). Long Widowhoods (1296–1380). In: The Archaeology and Material Culture of Queenship in Medieval Hungary, 1000–1395. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66511-1_6

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