Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physics and Technology of SPECT/CT

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Applications of SPECT-CT

  • 905 Accesses

Abstract

The introduction of combined SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and X-ray CT (computed tomography) scanners has changed the practice of single photon imaging in nuclear medicine forever. The original motivators to produce a combined SPECT/CT system were to provide improved anatomical localisation of the distribution of the SPECT radiopharmaceutical and to improve the capability of the SPECT scanner to produce images that can be corrected for the photon scattering and attenuation that cause degradation of the image.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bailey DL, Hutton BF, Walker PJ. Improved SPECT using simultaneous emission and transmission tomography. J Nucl Med. 1987;28:844–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Greer KL, Harris CC, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE, Hedland LW, Floyd CE, Manglos SH. Transmission computed tomography data acqusiition with a SPECT system. J Nucl Med Tech. 1987;15:53–6.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Malko JA, Gullberg GT, Kowalsky WP, Van Heertum RL. A count-based algorithm for attenuation-corrected volume determination using data from an external flood source. J Nucl Med. 1985;26:194–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Morozumi T, Nakajima M, Ogawa K, Yuta S. Attenuation correction methods using the information of attenuation distribution for single photon emission CT. Med Imag Tech. 1984;2:20–8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bailey DL. Transmission scanning in emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:774–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Heller G, Links J, Bateman T, Ziffer J, Ficaro E, Cohen M, Hendel R. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology and Society of nuclear medicine joint position statement: attenuation correction of myocardial perfusion SPECT scintigraphy. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11:229–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Moore SC. Attenuation compensation. In: Ell PJ, Holman BL, editors. Computed emission tomography. London: Oxford University Press; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fleming JS. A technique for using CT images in attenuation correction and quantification in SPECT. Nucl Med Commun. 1989;10:83–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hasegawa BH, Gingold EL, Reilly SM, Liew SC, Cann C. Description of a simultaneous emission-transmission CT system. Proc SPIE. 1990:1231.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Iwata K, Kwon S-I, Hasegawa BH, Bennett PR, Cirignano L, Shah KS. Description of a prototype combined CT-SPECT system with a single CdZnTe detector. In: IEEE Nuclear science symposium 2000. IEEE; 2000. p. 16/1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Tang HR, Brown JK, Da Silva AJ, Matthay KK, Price DC, Huberty JP, Hawkins RA, Hasegawa BH. Implementation of a combined X-ray CT-scintillation camera imaging system for localizing and measuring radionuclide uptake: experiments in phantoms and patients. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1999;46:551–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Patton JA, Debelke D, Sandler MP. Image fusion using an integrated, dual-head coincidence cameras with X-ray tube-based attenuation maps. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1364–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bailey DL, Roach PJ, Bailey EA, Hewlett J, Keijzers R. Development of a cost-effective modular SPECT/CT scanner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1415–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Defrise M, Kinahan P, Michel C. Chapter 4. Image reconstruction algorithms in PET. In: Bailey DL, Townsend DW, Valk PE, Maisey MN, editors. Positron emission tomography: basic sciences. London: Springer; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Defrise M, Kinahan PE. Chapter 2. Data acquisition and image reconstruction for 3D PET. In: Bendriem B, Townsend DW, editors. The theory and practice of 3D PET. Dordecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kinahan P, Defrise M, Clackdoyle R. Chapter 20. Analytical Iimage reconstruction methods. In: Wernick MN, Aarsvold JN, editors. Emission tomography. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hudson HM, Larkin RS. Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data. IEEE Trans Med Imag. 1994;MI-13:601–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Brown S, Bailey DL, Willowson K, Baldock CA. Investigation of the relationship between linear attenuation coefficients and CT Hounsfield units using radionuclides for SPECT. App Radiat Isot. 2008;66:1206–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chang LT. A method for attenuation correction in radionuclide computed tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1978;NS-25:638–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ichihara T, Ogawa K, Motomura N, Kubo A, Hashimoto S. Compton scatter compensation using the triple-energy window method for single- and dual-isotope SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:2216–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Meikle SR, Hutton BF, Bailey DL. A transmission dependent method for scatter correction in SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:360–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Beekman FJ, Kamphuis C, Frey EC. Scatter compensation methods in 3D iterative SPECT reconstruction: a simulation study. Phys Med Biol. 1997;42:1619–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kadrmas DJ, Frey EC, Karimi SS, Tsui BM. Fast implementations of reconstruction-based scatter compensation in fully 3D SPECT image reconstruction. Phys Med Biol. 1998;43:857–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. ABADI S, Brook OR, Rispler S, Frenkel A, Engel A, Keidar Z. Hybrid cardiac SPECT/64-slice CTA-derived LV function parameters: correlation and reproducibility assessment. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75:154–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Seo Y, Mari C, Hasegawa BH. Technological development and advances in single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:177–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Willowson K, Bailey DL, Baldock C. Quantitative SPECT using CT-derived corrections. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:3099–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Willowson K, Bailey DL, Baldock C. Quantifying lung shunting during planning for radio-embolization. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:N145–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zeintl J, Vija AH, Yahil A, Hornegger J, Kuwert T. Quantitative accuracy of clinical 99mTc SPECT/CT using ordered-subset expectation maximization with 3-dimensional resolution recovery, attenuation, and scatter correction. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:921–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bailey DL, Willowson KP. An evidence-based review of quantitative SPECT imaging and potential clinical applications. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:83–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mariani G, Bruselli L, Kuwert T, Kim EE, Flotats A, Israel O, Dondi M, Watanabe N. A review on the clinical uses of SPECT/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1959–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Seret A, Nguyen D, Bernard C. Quantitative capabilities of four state-of-the-art SPECT-CT cameras. EJNMMI Res. 2012;2:45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ong Y-Y, Cohn D, Wijaya J, Roach PJ. The importance of renal localization with MIBG scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27:479–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Butler SP, Bailey DL, McLaughlin AF, Khafagi FA, Stephens FO. SPECT evaluation of arterial perfusion in regional chemotherapy. J Nucl Med. 1988;29:593–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sawyer LJ, Starritt HC, Hiscock SC, Evans MJ. Effective doses to patients from CT acquisitions on the Ge Infinia Hawkeye: a comparison of calculation methods. Nucl Med Commun. 2008;29:144–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Larkin AM, Serulle Y, Wagner S, Noz ME, Friedman K. Quantifying the increase in radiation exposure associated with SPECT/CT compared to SPECT alone for routine nuclear medicine examinations. Int J Mol Imaging. 2011;2011:897202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. ICRP. ICRP publication 53: radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Ann ICRP. 1988;18

    Google Scholar 

  37. Towson JEC. Radiation dosimetry and protection in pet. In: Valk P, Bailey DL, Townsend DW, Maisey MN, editors. Positron emission tomography: basic science and clinical practice. London: Springer-Verlag; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Willowson KP, Bailey EA, Bailey DL. A retrospective evaluation of radiation dose associated with low dose FDG protocols in whole-body PET/CT. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2012;35:49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Dale L. Bailey & Kathy P. Willowson

Authors
  1. Dale L. Bailey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kathy P. Willowson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dale L. Bailey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Westfalen, Dortmund, Germany

    Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Biersack

  3. Deptartment of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany

    Ken Herrmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bailey, D.L., Willowson, K.P. (2022). Physics and Technology of SPECT/CT. In: Ahmadzadehfar, H., Biersack, HJ., Herrmann, K. (eds) Clinical Applications of SPECT-CT. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65850-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65850-2_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65849-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-65850-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation