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Seafloor Morphology and Processes in the Alboran Sea

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Alboran Sea - Ecosystems and Marine Resources

Abstract

The seafloor of the Alboran Sea reflects its complex tectonic, sedimentary, and oceanography dynamics as a consequence of the geological context, involving interaction between the Eurasian and African plates, and oceanographic context, as it is where the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters meet. Their physiography has a semi-enclosed configuration characterized by two margins (the Spanish Iberian and North Africa—mostly Moroccan margins) enclosing deep basins. Tectonic activity is mainly attested by folds and faults that predominantly affect the central and eastern seafloor sectors, as well as numerous seamounts and fluid-flow features (pockmarks, mud volcanoes, and diapirs) that dot the seafloor. The sedimentary and oceanographic processes allow us to distinctly define two principal environments in the Alboran Sea: the shallow proximal margin (continental shelf); and the deep distal margin (continental slope and base of the slope) with the adjacent sub-basins. The shelf mostly comprises prodeltaic and infralittoral prograding wedges, with local bedform fields, submarine valleys, and wave-cut terraces. Coastal and fluvio-marine sedimentary processes, acting since the last glacial period, are responsible for these features. The deep marine environment is characterised by the ubiquity of contourites, whose continuity is interrupted by turbidite systems, canyons, and landslides. The alongslope action of the Mediterranean waters and their interfaces with the Atlantic water has been the main process governing transport, seafloor reworking, and sedimentation of contourites. Mass-movement processes are responsible for the formation of: (1) turbidite systems—turbidity flows and mass flows were dominant during the last glacial sea-level lowstand, evolving to dilute gravity flows during present interglacial high stand; and (2) landslides—the main triggering factors comprising over-steepening, seismicity, under consolidation due to overpressure by interstitial fluids, stratigraphy, and high sedimentation rates. Locally, still-undetermined biological activity in the Spanish and coral activity in the Moroccan margin generated fields of mounded bioconstructions. The seafloor morphology of the Alboran Sea offers interesting clues for assessing the main potential geological hazards, with tectonic seismicity and landslides (as well as their related tsunamis) being some of the most important potential hazards affecting coastal populations. In addition, the seafloor morphology in combination with assemblages of habitat-forming species enables habitat identification and mapping.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the following Spanish projects: INCRISIS, DAMAGE (CGL2016-80687-R AEI/FEDER), FAUCES (CTM2015-65461-C2-1-R) and ALSSOMAR S2S (CTM2017-88237-P), RNM 148 and RNM 328—Junta de Andalucía, MONCARAL and RIGEL projects (Instituto Español de Oceanografía) and Marlboro cruises. Likewise, this study was supported by the French program Actions Marges and the EUROFLEETS program-SARAS cruise (FP7/2007-2013; 228344). The Secretaria General de Pesca (Spain) yielded the bathymetric data from the northern part of the Alboran Sea. IHS-Kingdom Suite educational license.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, GMC, Barcelona, Spain

    Gemma Ercilla, Belén Alonso, David Casas, Ferran Estrada & Carmen Juan

  2. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Fuengirola (Málaga), Spain

    Juan-Tomás Vázquez, Patricia Bárcenas, Nieves López-González, Desirée Palomino & Olga Sánchez-Guillamón

  3. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain

    David Casas

  4. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7193, ISTeP, Paris, France

    Elia d’Acremont & Christian Gorini

  5. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cádiz, Spain

    Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas

  6. Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Jesús Galindo-Zaldívar

  7. Université de Lille, Lille, France

    Carmen Juan

  8. Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC, Armilla, Spain

    Jesús Galindo-Zaldívar & Francisco Lobo

  9. Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco

    Mimoun Chourak

  10. Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain

    Antonio Gil & José Antonio Peláez

  11. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Madrid, Spain

    María Gómez-Ballesteros

  12. Université Abdelmalek ESSAADI, FST-Tanger, Tanger, Morocco

    Bouschta El Moumni

  13. LYRA, Engineering Consulting, Gazteiz, Spain

    Javier Valencia

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Correspondence to Gemma Ercilla .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Fuengirola (Málaga), Spain

    José Carlos Báez

  2. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Fuengirola (Málaga), Spain

    Juan-Tomás Vázquez

  3. Asociación Herpetológica Española, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Antonio Camiñas

  4. Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Morocco

    Mohammed Malouli Idrissi

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Ercilla, G. et al. (2021). Seafloor Morphology and Processes in the Alboran Sea. In: Báez, J.C., Vázquez, JT., Camiñas, J.A., Malouli Idrissi, M. (eds) Alboran Sea - Ecosystems and Marine Resources . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65516-7_6

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