Abstract
Normal variants are very common. They are typically seen in the very young child at immature stages of locomotor development and typically resolve over time. The GP or other primary healthcare staff are often consulted about these problems. Some find their way to the pediatric orthopaedic clinic. Flat feet, in-toeing, bowed legs and knock knees are the most common. Some such as flat feet and metatarsus adductus are often treated unnecessarily resulting in worry to parents, physical and psychological complications to children, as well as cost to health services. Accurate assessment and confident reassurance to parents are important for effective management. In this chapter we explored the common types of normal variation in children.
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Al Ali, T., Saeed, J., Alshryda, S. (2021). Normal Variants. In: Alshryda, S., Jackson, L., Thalange, N., AlHammadi, A. (eds) Pediatric Orthopedics for Primary Healthcare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65214-2_4
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