Skip to main content

Dental Implants and Digitization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Digitization in Dentistry

Abstract

The impact of digital technology on surgical and restorative aspects of implant dentistry has been enormous in the past few decades. This has led to greater precision in surgical implantology with less morbidity and has allowed the manufacturing of restorations with unsurpassed accuracy and precision as compared to conventional techniques. While achieving these benefits, digital technology has allowed faster turnaround times without a concomitant increase in the overall economic burden to the end consumer, the patient. This chapter outlines these surgical and restoratively relevant digital protocols and traces the pathway this technology has taken in the past while providing a glimpse of what is in store for the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Davidowitz G, Kotick PG. The use of CAD/CAM in dentistry. Dent Clin N Am. 2011;55(3):559–70. ix

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brånemark PI. Osseointegration and its experimental background. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50(3):399–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ortorp A, Jemt T. Clinical experience of € cnc-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 3-year interim report. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2002;4:104–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bahat O, Fontanesi RV, Preston. Reconstruction of the hard and soft tissues for optimal placement of osseointegrated implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1993;13:255–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Seibert JS, Salama H. Alveolar ridge preservation and reconstruction. Periodontology. 1996;2000(11):69–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Krekmanov L, Kahn M, Rangert B, Lindstrom H. Tilting of posterior mandibular and maxillary implants of improved prosthesis support. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2000;15:405–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maló P, Rangert B, Nobre M. “All-on-four” immediate-function concept with Brånemark system implants for completely edentulous mandibles: a retrospective clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2003;5(Suppl 1):2–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hounsfield GN. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). 1. Description of system. Br J Radiol. 1973;46(552):1016–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Todd AD, Gher ME, Quintero G, Richardson AC. Interpretation of linear and computed tomograms in the assessment of implant recipient sites. J Periodontol. 1993;64:1243–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Becker CM, Kaiser DA. Surgical guide for dental implant placement. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(2):248–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Akça K, Iplikçioğlu H, Cehreli MC. A surgical guide for accurate mesiodistal paralleling of implants in the posterior edentulous mandible. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87(2):233–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bibb RJ, Bocca A, Sugar A, Evans P. Planning Osseointegrated implant sites using computer aided design and rapid prototyping. J Maxillofac Prosthet Technol. 2003;6:1–4. ISSN: 1366-4697

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ganz SD. Presurgical planning with CT-derived fabrication of surgical guides. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(9 Suppl 2):59–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mörmann WH, Brandestini M, Lutz F, Barbakow F. Chairside computer-aided direct ceramic inlays. Quintessence Int. 1989;20(5):329–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Poticny DJ, Klim J. CAD/CAM in-office technology: innovations after 25 years for predictable, esthetic outcomes. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(Suppl 2):5S–9S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Whitley D 3rd, Eidson RS, Rudek I, Bencharit S. In-office fabrication of dental implant surgical guides using desktop stereolithographic printing and implant treatment planning software: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;118:256–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Deeb GR, Allen RK, Hall VP, Whitley D 3rd, Laskin DM, Bencharit S. How accurate are implant surgical guides produced with desktop stereolithographic 3-dimensional printers? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75:2559.e1-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yeung M, Abdulmajeed A, Carrico CK, Deeb GR, Bencharit S. Accuracy and precision of 3D-printed implant surgical guides with different implant systems: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123(6):821–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mangano F, Chambrone L, van Noort R, Miller C, Hatton P, Mangano C. Direct metal laser sintering titanium dental implants: a review of the current literature. Int J Biomater. 2014;2014:461534.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Schulze C, Weinmann M, Schweigel C, Keßler O, Bader R. Mechanical properties of a newly additive manufactured implant material based on Ti-42Nb. Materials. 2018;11:124.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Oliveira TT, Reis AC. Fabrication of dental implants by the additive manufacturing method: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;122(3):270–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Branemark PI, Gröndahl K, OhrnellL O, Nilsson P, Petruson B, Svensson B, Engstrand P, Nannmark U. Zygoma fixture in the management of advanced atrophy of the maxilla: technique and long-term results. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2004;38:70–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Aparicio C, Manresa C, Francisco K, et al. Zygomatic implants: indications, techniques and outcomes, and the zygomatic success code. Periodontol. 2014;66(1):41–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Garcia-Gazaui S, Razzoog M, Sierraalta M, Saglik B. Fabrication of a screw-retained restoration avoiding the facial access hole: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;114(5):621–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sakamoto S, Ro M, Al-Ardah A, Goodacre C. Esthetic abutment design for angulated screw channels: a technical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(6):912–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Duret F, Preston JD. CAD/CAM imaging in dentistry. Curr Opin Dent. 1991;1:150–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Van der Zel JM. Ceramic-fused-to-metal restorations with a new CAD/CAM system. Quintessence Int. 1993;24:769–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Andersson M, Oden A. A new all-ceramic crown: a dense-sintered, high purity alumina coping with porcelain. Acta Odontol Scand. 1993;51:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Carr AB, Stewart RB. Full-arch implant framework casting accuracy: preliminary in vitro observation for in vivo testing. J Prosthodont. 1993;2(1):2–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tan KB, Rubenstein JE, Nicholls JI, Yuodelis RA. Three-dimensional analysis of the casting accuracy of one-piece, osseointegrated implant-retained prostheses. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6(4):346–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Paniz G, Stellini E, Meneghello R, Cerardi A, Gobbato EA, Bressan E. The precision of fit of cast and milled full-arch implant-supported restorations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28(3):687–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Örtorp A, Jemt T. CNC-milled titanium frameworks supported by implants in the edentulous jaw: a 10-year comparative clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:88–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Beuer F, Schweiger J, Edelhoff D. Digital dentistry: an overview of recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations. Br Dent J. 2008;204(9):505–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Abduo J, et al. Trends in computer-aided manufacturing in prosthodontics: a review of the available streams. Int J Dent. 2014;2014:783948.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Kapos T, Ashy LM, Gallucci GO, Weber HP, Wismeijer D. Computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing in prosthetic implant dentistry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24(Suppl):110–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Parpaiola A, Norton MR, Cecchinato D, Bressan E, Toia M. Virtual abutment design: a concept for delivery of CAD/CAM customized abutments—report of a retrospective cohort. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2013;33(1):51–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Parpaiola A, et al. CAD/CAM implant abutments: peri-implant hard and soft tissue response with up to 4 years of follow-up- a retrospective cohort study evaluation. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2020;40(2):193–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Denry I, Kelly JR. State of the art of zirconia for dental applications. Dent Mater. 2008;24(3):299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2007.05.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Alao A-R, Stoll R, Song X-F, Miyazaki T, Hotta Y, Shibata Y, Yin L. Surface quality of Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal in CAD/CAM milling, sintering, polishing and sandblasting processes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.021.

  40. Zaruba M, Mehl A. Chairside systems: a current review. Int J Comput Dent. 2017;20(2):123–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Blatz MB, Conejo J. The current state of chairside digital dentistry and materials. Dent Clin N Am. 2019;63(2):175–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Zimmermann M, Mehl A, Mörmann WH, Reich S. Intraoral scanning systems—a current overview. Int J Comput Dent. 2015;18(2):101–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Vandeweghe S, Vervack V, Dierens M, De Bruyn H. Accuracy of digital impressions of multiple dental implants: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;28:648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mangano F, Mangano C, Margiani B, Admakin O. Combining intraoral and face scans for the design and fabrication of computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) implant-supported bars for maxillary overdentures. Scanning. 2019;2019:4274715.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Harris BT, Montero D, Grant GT, Morton D, Llop DR, Lin WS. Creation of a 3-dimensional virtual dental patient for computer-guided surgery and CAD-CAM interim complete removable and fixed dental prostheses: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117:197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ender A, Mehl A. Accuracy of complete-arch dental impressions: a new method of measuring trueness and precision. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109:121–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kihara H, Hatakeyama W, Komine F, et al. Accuracy and practicality of intraoral scanner in dentistry: a literature review. J Prosthodont Res. 2020;64(2):109–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cicciù M, Fiorillo L, D'Amico C, Gambino D, Amantia EM, Laino L, Crimi S, Campagna P, Bianchi A, Herford AS, Cervino G. 3D digital impression systems compared with traditional techniques in dentistry: a recent data systematic review. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;13(8):1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Grossmann Y, Pasciuta M, Finger IM. A novel technique using a coded healing abutment for the fabrication of a CAD/ CAM titanium abutment for an implant-supported restoration. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;95:258–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lin WS, Harris BT, Morton D. The use of a scannable impression coping and digital impression technique to fabricate a customized anatomic abutment and zirconia restoration in the esthetic zone. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(3):187–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Motel C, Kirchner E, Adler W, Wichmann M, Matta RE. Impact of different scan bodies and scan strategies on the accuracy of digital implant impressions assessed with an intraoral scanner: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont. 2020;29(4):309–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jemt T, Bäck T, Petersson A. Photogrammetry—an alternative to conventional impressions in implant dentistry? A clinical pilot study. Int J Prosthodont. 1999;12(4):363–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Agustín-Panadero R, Bagán L, Giménez B, Peñarrocha M. Impression of multiple implants using photogrammetry: description of technique and case presentation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(4):e366–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Cunha RM, Souza FÁ, Hadad H, Poli PP, Maiorana C, Carvalho P. Accuracy evaluation of computer-guided implant surgery associated with prototyped surgical guides. J Prosthet Dent. 2020; S0022-3913(19)30486-X. Advance online publication

    Google Scholar 

  55. Parel SM, Triplett RG. Interactive imaging for implant planning, placement, and prosthesis construction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(9 Suppl 2):41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Spector L. Computer-aided dental implant planning. Dent Clin N Am. 2008;52(4):761–vi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Block MS, Emery RW. Static or dynamic navigation for implant placement-choosing the method of guidance. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(2):269–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Venet L, Perriat M, Mangano FG, Fortin T. Horizontal ridge reconstruction of the anterior maxilla using customized allogeneic bone blocks with a minimally invasive technique—a case series. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17(1):146.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Schlee M, Rothamel D. Ridge augmentation using customized allogenic bone blocks: proof of concept and histological findings. Implant Dent. 2013;22(3):212–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kloss FR, Offermanns V, Donkiewicz P, Kloss-Brandstätter A. Customized allogeneic bone grafts for maxillary horizontal augmentation: a 5-year follow-up radiographic and histologic evaluation. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8:886–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Ozan O, Turkyilmaz I, Ersoy AE, McGlumphy EA, Rosenstiel SF. Clinical accuracy of 3 different types of computed tomography-derived stereolithographic surgical guides in implant placement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(2):394–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Geng WF, et al. Accuracy of different types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing surgical guides for dental implant placement. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):8442–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Ramasamy M, Giri RR, Subramonian K, Narendrakumar R. Implant surgical guides: from the past to the present. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S98–S102. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.113306. PMID: 23946587; PMCID: PMC3722716

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Costa AJDM, Teixeira Neto AD, Burgoa S, Gutierrez V, Cortes ARG. Fully digital workflow with magnetically connected guides for full-arch implant rehabilitation following guided alveolar ridge reduction. J Prosthodont. 2020;29:272–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Nickenig HJ, Safi AF, Matta RE, Zöller JE, Kreppel M. 3D-based full-guided ridge expansion osteotomy—a case report about a new method with successive use of different surgical guides, transfer of splitting vector and simultaneous implant insertion. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019;47(11):1787–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Yuan F, Sun Y, Zhang L, Sun Y. Accuracy of chair-side fused-deposition modelling for dental applications. Rapid Prototyp J. ahead-of-print. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-04-2018-0082.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Surathu, N., Tunkiwala, A., Kher, U. (2021). Dental Implants and Digitization. In: Jain, P., Gupta, M. (eds) Digitization in Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65169-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65169-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65168-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-65169-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics