Skip to main content
Book cover

Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health pp 451–499Cite as

Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Features of Centella asiatica: A Comprehensive Review

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB,volume 1308)

Abstract

Centella asiatica (CA) or Gotu cola is an herbal plant from the Apiaceae family with a long history of usage in different traditional medicines. It has long been used for the treatment of various ailments such as central nervous system (CNS), skin and gastrointestinal disorders especially in the Southeast Asia. This chapter focused on the phytochemical constituent and pharmacological activities of CA based on preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, botanical description and distribution, traditional uses, interactions, and safety issues are reviewed. Electronic databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant studies on the pharmacological activities of CA. Approximately, 124 chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oils have been isolated and identified from CA. Ethnomedicinal applications of CA mostly include treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, wounds, nervous system disorders, circulatory diseases, skin problems, respiratory ailments, diabetes and sleep disorders in various ethnobotanical practices. Pharmacological studies revealed a wide range of beneficial effects of CA on CNS, cardiovascular, lung, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, skin, and endocrine system. Among them, neuroprotective activity, wound healing and treatment of venous insufficiency, as well as antidiabetic activity seem to be more frequently reported. At the moment, considering various health benefits of CA, it is marketed as an oral supplement as well as a topical ingredient in some cosmetic products. Additional preclinical studies and particularly randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the therapeutic roles of CA.

Keywords

  • Centella asiatica
  • Herbal plant
  • Ethnobotany
  • Phytochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical studies

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_25
  • Chapter length: 49 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-030-64872-5
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 25.1
Fig. 25.2

References

  1. Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig E-M, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH (2015) Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: a review. Biotechnol Adv 33:1582–1614

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Azerad R (2016) Chemical structures, production and enzymatic transformations of sapogenins and saponins from Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Fitoterapia 114:168–187

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hassan HN (2015) Physiological and antioxidant properties of Centella Asiatica in response to phosphate deficiency. Universal-Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cassileth BR, Lucarelli CD (2003) Herb-drug interactions in oncology. PMPH-USA

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kartnig T (1988) Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants: recent advances in botany, horticulture, and pharmacology (USA)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Arora D, Kumar M, Dubey S (2002) Centella asiatica – a review of it's medicinal uses and pharmacological effects. J Nat Remedies 2:143–149

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hossan S, Agarwala B, Sarwar S, Karim M, Jahan R, Rahmatullah M (2010) Traditional use of medicinal plants in Bangladesh to treat urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Ethnobot Res Appl 8:061–074

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  8. Wanasuntronwong A, Wanakhachornkrai O, Phongphanphanee P, Isa T, Tantisira B, Tantisira MH (2018) Modulation of neuronal activity on intercalated neurons of Amygdala might underlie anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233. Evidence-Based Complement Alternat Med 2018

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jana U, Sur TK, Maity LN, Debnath PK, Bhattacharyya D (2010) A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica. Nepal Med Coll J 12:8–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Supkamonseni N, Thinkratok A, Meksuriyen D, Srisawat R (2014) Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Centella asiatica (L.) extract in vitro and in vivo. Indian J Exp Biol 52:965–971

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Masola B, Oguntibeju OO, Oyenihi AB (2018) Centella asiatica ameliorates diabetes-induced stress in rat tissues via influences on antioxidants and inflammatory cytokines. Biomed Pharmacother 101:447–457

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Oyenihi AB, Chegou NN, Oguntibeju OO, Masola B (2017) Centella asiatica enhances hepatic antioxidant status and regulates hepatic inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetic rats. Pharm Biol 55:1671–1678

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kumari S, Deori M, Elancheran R, Kotoky J, Devi R (2016) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic properties and chemical characterization of Centella asiatica (L.) extract. Front Pharmacol 7:400

    Google Scholar 

  14. Incandela L, Belcaro G, Cesarone M, De Sanctis M, Nargi E, Patricelli P, Bucci M (2001) Treatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, placebo-controlled randomized study. Angiology 52:S27–S31

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cesarone M, Laurora G, De MS, Incandela L, Grimaldi R, Marelli C, Belcaro G (1994) The microcirculatory activity of Centella asiatica in venous insufficiency. A double-blind study. Minerva Cardioangiol 42:299–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chiaretti M, Fegatelli DA, Ceccarelli G, Carru GA, Pappalardo G, Chiaretti A (2018) Comparison of flavonoids and Centella asiatica for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Ital Chir 89:330–336

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Paocharoen V (2010) The efficacy and side effects of oral Centella asiatica extract for wound healing promotion in diabetic wound patients. J Med Assoc Thail 93:S166–S170

    Google Scholar 

  18. Klovekorn W, Tepe A, Danesch U (2007) A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, half-side comparison with a herbal ointment containing Mahonia aquifolium, Viola tricolor and Centella asiatica for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Therapeut 45:583

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Forte R, Cennamo G, Bonavolonta P, Pascotto A, de Crecchio G, Cennamo G (2013) Long-term follow-up of oral administration of flavonoids, Centella asiatica and Melilotus, for diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 29:733–737

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Deshpande PO, Mohan V, Thakurdesai P (2015) Preclinical safety assessment of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (L.) urban leaves. Toxicol Int 22:10

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. The Plant List. In: ed.^eds. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Centella: Published on the Internet, 2013

  22. Singh S, Gautam A, Sharma A, Batra A. Centella asiatica (L.): a plant with immense medicinal potential but threatened. Inter J Pharmaceut Sci Rev Res 2010; 4: 9–17

    Google Scholar 

  23. Long H, Stander M, Van Wyk B-E (2012) Notes on the occurrence and significance of triterpenoids (asiaticoside and related compounds) and caffeoylquinic acids in Centella species. S Afr J Bot 82:53–59

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gray NE, Magana AA, Lak P, Wright KM, Quinn J, Stevens JF, Maier CS, Soumyanath A (2018) Centella asiatica: phytochemistry and mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Phytochem Rev 17:161–194

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Savithramma N, Sulochana C, Rao K (2007) Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. J Ethnopharmacol 113:54–61

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2011) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol 134:851–864

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Phondani PC, Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Farooquee NA, Kala CP, Vishvakarma SR, Rao K, Saxena K (2010) Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the Bhotiya tribal communities of Niti Valley in central Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Res Appl 8:233–244

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  28. Malik F, Hussain S, Mirza T, Hameed A, Ahmad S, Riaz H, Shah PA, Usmanghani K (2011) Screening for antimicrobial activity of thirty-three medicinal plants used in the traditional system of medicine in Pakistan. J Med Plants Res 5:3052–3060

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee S, Xiao C, Pei S (2008) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants at periodic markets of Honghe prefecture in Yunnan Province, SW China. J Ethnopharmacol 117:362–377

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. D-l L, Zheng X-l, Duan L, Deng S-w, Ye W, Wang A-h, F-w X (2017) Ethnobotanical survey of herbal tea plants from the traditional markets in Chaoshan, China. J Ethnopharmacol 205:195–206

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  31. Malla B, Gauchan DP, Chhetri RB (2015) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by ethnic people in Parbat district of western Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol 165:103–117

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Joshi AR, Joshi K (2000) Indigenous knowledge and uses of medicinal plants by local communities of the Kali Gandaki watershed area, Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol 73:175–183

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chetri BK (2019) Ethnobotanical study of south eastern foothills of Bhutan. Asian Plant Res J:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  34. Islam MK, Saha S, Mahmud I, Mohamad K, Awang K, Uddin SJ, Rahman MM, Shilpi JA (2014) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people of Madhupur forest area, Bangladesh. J Ethnopharmacol 151:921–930

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ong HG, Kim Y-D (2014) Quantitative ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used by the Ati Negrito indigenous group in Guimaras island, Philippines. J Ethnopharmacol 157:228–242

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nondo RS, Zofou D, Moshi MJ, Erasto P, Wanji S, Ngemenya MN, Titanji VP, Kidukuli AW, Masimba PJ (2015) Ethnobotanical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Kagera and Lindi regions, Tanzania. J Med Plants Res 9:179–192

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  37. Jiofack T, Fokunang C, Guedje N, Kemeuze V (2009) Ethnobotany and phytomedicine of the upper Nyong valley forest in Cameroon. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 3:144–150

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jiofack T, Fokunang C, Guedje N, Kemeuze V, Fongnzossie E, Nkongmeneck B-A, Mapongmetsem PM, Tsabang N (2010) Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants of two ethnoecological regions of Cameroon. Int J Med Med Sci 2:60–79

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tugume P, Kakudidi EK, Buyinza M, Namaalwa J, Kamatenesi M, Mucunguzi P, Kalema J (2016) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira central Forest reserve. Uganda J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12:5

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Diallo A, Traore MS, Keita SM, Balde MA, Keita A, Camara M, Van Miert S, Pieters L, Balde AM (2012) Management of diabetes in Guinean traditional medicine: an ethnobotanical investigation in the coastal lowlands. J Ethnopharmacol 144:353–361

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Soladoye MO, Adetayo MO, Chukwuma EC, Adetunji AN (2010) Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of haemorrhoids in South-Western Nigeria. Ann Biol Res 1:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  42. Semenya S, Potgieter M, Erasmus L (2012) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 141:440–445

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Olajuyigbe O, Afolayan A (2012) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the eastern Cape Province, South Africa. J Med Plants Re 6:3415–3424

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hanlidou E, Karousou R, Kleftoyanni V, Kokkini S (2004) The herbal market of Thessaloniki (N Greece) and its relation to the ethnobotanical tradition. J Ethnopharmacol 91:281–299

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mamedov N (2005) Adaptogenic, geriatric, stimulant and antidepressant plants of Russian Far East. J Cell Mol Biol 4:71–75

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ozkan G, Kamiloglu S, Ozdal T, Boyacioglu D, Capanoglu E (2016) Potential use of Turkish medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases. Molecules 21:257

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Caldas E, Machado L (2004) Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil. Food Chem Toxicol 42:599–603

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lindberg NM, Stevens VJ, Elder C, Funk K, DeBar L (2013) Use of alternative medicine for weight loss among Mexican-American women. J Immigr Minor Health 15:982–985

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Rabearivony AD, Kuhlman AR, Razafiariso ZL, Raharimalala F, Rakotoarivony F, Randrianarivony T, Rakotoarivelo N, Randrianasolo A, Bussmann RW (2015) Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants known by men in Ambalabe, Madagascar. Ethnobot Res Appl 14:123–138

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  50. Packer J, Brouwer N, Harrington D, Gaikwad J, Heron R, Elders YC, Ranganathan S, Vemulpad S, Jamie J (2012) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Yaegl aboriginal community in northern New South Wales, Australia. J Ethnopharmacol 139:244–255

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hashim P (2011) Centella asiatica in food and beverage applications and its potential antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. Int Food Res J 18:1215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cruz-Garcia GS, Price LL (2011) Ethnobotanical investigation of'wild'food plants used by rice farmers in Kalasin. Northeast Thailand Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine 7:33

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn E (2000) Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the east Asian medical plant Centella aslatica. Phytomedicine 7:427–448

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Orhan IE. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: from traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012; 2012

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nataraj J, Manivasagam T, Justin Thenmozhi A, Essa MM (2017) Neuroprotective effect of asiatic acid on rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in differentiated SH-SYS5Y cells. Nutr Neurosci 20:351–359

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gray NE, Zweig JA, Caruso M, Zhu JY, Wright KM, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A (2018) Centella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 93:1–9

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Wong JH, Muthuraju S, Reza F, Senik MH, Zhang J, Yeo NABMY, Chuang HG, Jaafar H, Yusof SR, Mohamad H (2019) Differential expression of entorhinal cortex and hippocampal subfields α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors enhanced learning and memory of rats following administration of Centella asiatica. Biomed Pharmacother 110:168–180

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bobade V, Bodhankar SL, Aswar U, Vishwaraman M, Thakurdesai P. Prophylactic effects of asiaticoside-based standardized extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban leaves on experimental migraine: Involvement of 5HT1A/1B receptors. Chin J Nat Med, 2015; 13: 274–282

    Google Scholar 

  59. Fong LY, Ng CT, Cheok ZL, Moklas MAM, Hakim MN, Ahmad Z (2016) Barrier protective effect of asiatic acid in TNF-α-induced activation of human aortic endothelial cells. Phytomedicine 23:191–199

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Maneesai P, Bunbupha S, Kukongviriyapan U, Senggunprai L, Kukongviriyapan V, Prachaney P, Pakdeechote P (2017) Effect of asiatic acid on the Ang II-AT 1 R-NADPH oxidase-NF-κB pathway in renovascular hypertensive rats. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 390:1073–1083

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Xue W, Qian L, Dong-Sheng Y, Yu-Peng C, SHANG J, L-Y ZHANG, Hong-Bin S, Jun L (2015) Asiatic acid mitigates hyperglycemia and reduces islet fibrosis in Goto-Kakizaki rat, a spontaneous type 2 diabetic animal model. Chin J Nat Med 13:529–534

    Google Scholar 

  62. Si L, Xu J, Yi C, Xu X, Ma C, Yang J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Wang X (2015) Asiatic acid attenuates the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure induced by pressure overload by inhibiting myocardial remodeling in mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 66:558–568

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ghosh K, Indra N, Jagadeesan G (2017) The ameliorating effect of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract on albino rats treated with isoniazid. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 28:67–77

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Xia Y, Xia YF, Lv Q, Yue MF, Qiao SM, Yang Y, Wei ZF, Dai Y (2016) Madecassoside ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through promoting the generation of hepatocyte growth factor via PPAR-γ in colon. Br J Pharmacol 173:1219–1235

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Zheng H-M, Choi M-J, Kim JM, Cha KH, Lee KW, Park YH, Hong S-S, Lee DH (2016) Centella asiatica leaf extract protects against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. J Med Food 19:38–46

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Zheng H-M, Choi M-J, Kim JM, Lee KW, Park YH, Lee DH (2016) In vitro and in vivo anti-helicobacter pylori activities of Centella asiatica leaf extract. Prevent Nutr Food Sci 21:197

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  67. Guo W, Liu W, Jin B, Geng J, Li J, Ding H, Wu X, Xu Q, Sun Y, Gao J (2015) Asiatic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis via suppressing mitochondria-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 24:232–238

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bylka W, Znajdek-Awiżeń P, Studzińska-Sroka E, Brzezińska M (2013) Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Adv Dermatol Allergol/Postȩpy Dermatologii I Alergologii 30:46

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  69. Bylka W, Znajdek-Awiżeń P, Studzińska-Sroka E, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A, Brzezińska M (2014) Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview. Phytother Res 28:1117–1124

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wang Q, Yao L, Xu K, Jin H, Chen K, Wang Z, Liu Q, Cao Z, Kenny J, Liu Y (2019) Madecassoside inhibits estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by suppressing RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 23:380–394

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. He L, Hong G, Zhou L, Zhang J, Fang J, He W, Tickner J, Han X, Zhao L, Xu J (2019) Asiaticoside, a component of Centella asiatica attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via NFATc1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 234:4267–4276

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Puttarak P, Dilokthornsakul P, Saokaew S, Dhippayom T, Kongkaew C, Sruamsiri R, Chuthaputti A, Chaiyakunapruk N (2017) Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7:10646

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Lou J-S, Dimitrova DM, Murchison C, Arnold GC, Belding H, Seifer N, Le N, Andrea SB, Gray NE, Wright KM (2018) Centella asiatica triterpenes for diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study. Esperienze dermatologiche 20:12

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Haftek M, Mac-Mary S, Bitoux MAL, Creidi P, Seité S, Rougier A, Humbert P (2008) Clinical, biometric and structural evaluation of the long-term effects of a topical treatment with ascorbic acid and madecassoside in photoaged human skin. Exp Dermatol 17:946–952

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Guseva N, Starovoĭtova M, Mach E (1998) Madecassol treatment of systemic and localized scleroderma. Terapevticheskii arkhiv 70:58–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Chong NJ, Aziz Z (2013) A systematic review of the efficacy of Centella asiatica for improvement of the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013

    Google Scholar 

  77. Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosoi M, Ippolito E, Cesarone M, Luzzi R, Cornelli U, Ledda A (2014) Pycnogenol® and Centella Asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression. Int Angiol 33:20–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Savai J, Varghese A, Pandita N, Chintamaneni M (2015) In vitro assessment of CYP1A2 and 2C9 inhibition potential of Withania somnifera and Centella asiatica in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Personal Ther 30:137–141

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PCK, Er HM, Ong CE (2010) In vitro modulatory effects on three major human cytochrome P450 enzymes by multiple active constituents and extracts of Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 130:275–283

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Seeka P, Niwattisaiwong N, Warisnoicharoen W, Winitthana T, Tantisira MH, Lawanprasert S (2012) Effects of the standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233 on human cytochrome P450. Thai J Pharmaceut Sci 36:30–37

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kulthong K, Tantisira MH, Niwattisaiwong N, Apipalakul K, Chevapat S, Lawanprasert S (2009) Effects of the standard extract of Centella asiatica (ECa233) on rat hepatic cytochrome P450. J Pharmaceut Sci 33:91–100

    Google Scholar 

  82. Seeka P, Niwattisaiwong N, Tantisira MH, Chevapat S, Anuntawuttikul K, Apipalakul K, Lawanprasert S (2017) Effects of the standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233 on hepatic phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Pharmaceut Sci 41:41–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Khurshid F, Govindasamy J, Khalilullah H, Nomani MS, Shahid M, Ain MR, Alsultan MS (2018) Effect of Centella asiatica formulation on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in rats: a herb-drug interaction study. Lat Am J Pharm 37:663–670

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sudha S, Bindu R, Joyce G, Amit A, Venkataraman BV (2005) Pharmacological interaction of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri with antiepileptic drugs - An experimental study in rats. J Nat Remed 5:63–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vattanajun A, Watanabe H, Tantisira MH, Tantisira B. Isobolographically additive anticonvulsant activity between Centella asiatica's ethyl acetate fraction and some antiepileptic drugs. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2005; 88 Suppl 3: S131–140

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK (2010) Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: a potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci 72:546

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Jorge OA, Jorge AD (2005) Hepatotoxicity associated with the ingestion of Centella asiatica. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 97:115–124

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kartnig T (1988) Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Herbs, spices, medicinal plants: recent advances in botany, horticulture, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Biochem and Behavior,

    Google Scholar 

  89. Chintapanti S, Pratap Reddy K, Sreenivasula RP (2018) Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of perinatal exposure to lead in adult male Wistar rats: protective effect by Centella asiatica. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:13173–13185

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mitha KV, Yadav S, Ganaraja B (2016) Improvement in cognitive parameters among Offsprings born to alcohol fed female Wistar rats following Long term treatment with Centella Asiatica. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 60:167–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Garcia Hernandez JA, Madera Gonzalez D, Padilla Castillo M, Figueras FT (2013) Use of a specific anti-stretch mark cream for preventing or reducing the severity of striae gravidarum. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Int J Cosmet Sci 35:233–237

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Dutta T, Basu U (1968) Crude extract of Centella asiatica and products derived from its glycosides as oral antifertility agents. Indian J Exp Biol 6:181–182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rodríguez De Armas L, Zelenkova H (2012) The efficacy of a cream with centella asiatica and pinus sylvestris to treat hypertrophic scars and keloids - resume of a clinical observation. Kosmet Med 33:122–129

    Google Scholar 

  94. Draelos ZD, Gold MH, Kaur M, Olayinka B, Grundy SL, Pappert EJ, Hardas B (2010) Evaluation of an onion extract, Centella asiatica, and hyaluronic acid cream in the appearance of striae rubra. Skinmed 8:80–86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Songvut P, Chariyavilaskul P, Tantisira MH, Khemawoot P (2019) Safety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy Thai volunteers: a phase 1 clinical study. Planta Med 85:483–490

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Grimaldi R, De Ponti F, D'Angelo L, Caravaggi M, Guidi G, Lecchini S, Frigo GM, Crema A (1990) Pharmacokinetics of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica after single and multiple administrations to healthy volunteers. A new assay for asiatic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 28:235–241

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Mowrey DB (1990) Next generation herbal medicine: guaranteed potency herbs. Keats

    Google Scholar 

  98. Murray MT (1995) The healing power of herbs: the enlightened person's guide to the wonders of medicinal plants. Prime Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  99. Schlenker E (2018) Gilbert JA. Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences

    Google Scholar 

  100. Chauhan P, Singh V (2012) Acute and subacute toxicity study of the acetone leaf extract of Centella asiatica in experimental animal models. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:S511–S513

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  101. Oruganti M, Roy B, Singh K, Prasad R, Kumar S (2010) Safety Assemment of Centella asiatica in albino rats. Phcog J 2:5–11

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  102. Chivapat S, Chavalittumrong P, Tantisira MH (2011) Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa 233. Thai J Pharm Sci 35:55–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Yadav MK, Singh SK, Singh M, Mishra SS, Singh AK, Tripathi JS, Tripathi YB (2019) In vivo toxicity study of ethanolic extracts of evolvulus alsinoides & centella asiatica in swiss albino mice. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7:1071–1076

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Yunianto I, Das S, Mat NM (2010) Antispermatogenic and antifertility effect of Pegaga (Centella asiatica L) on the testis of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Clin Ter 161:235–239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yunianto I, Bashah NAK, Noor MM (2017) Antifertility properties of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract as a contraceptive agent: preliminary study of sperm proteomic. Asian Pacific J Reprod 6:212

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ghosh K, Indra N (2014) Phytochemistry, in vitro free radical scavenging, chelating and toxicity of Centela asiatica L.(Apiaceae) ethanolic leaf extract. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 29:328–334

    Google Scholar 

  107. Duggina P, Kalla CM, Varikasuvu SR, Bukke S, Tartte V (2015) Protective effect of centella triterpene saponins against cyclophosphamide-induced immune and hepatic system dysfunction in rats: its possible mechanisms of action. J Physiol Biochem 71:435–454

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. James J, Dubery I (2009) Pentacyclic triterpenoids from the medicinal herb, Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Molecules 14:3922–3941

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Intararuchikul T, Teerapattarakan N, Rodsiri R, Tantisira M, Wohlgemuth G, Fiehn O, Tansawat R (2019) Effects of Centella asiatica extract on antioxidant status and liver metabolome of rotenone-treated rats using GC–MS. Biomed Chromatogr 33:e4395

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Chandrika UG, Kumara PAP (2015) Gotu kola (Centella asiatica): nutritional properties and plausible health benefits. In: ed.^eds., Advances in food and nutrition research. Elsevier, pp 125–157

    Google Scholar 

  111. Rumalla CS, Ali Z, Weerasooriya AD, Smillie TJ, Khan IA (2010) Two new triterpene glycosides from Centella asiatica. Planta Med 76:1018–1021

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Jiang ZY, Zhang XM, Zhou J, Chen JJ (2005) New triterpenoid glycosides from Centella asiatica. Helv Chim Acta 88:297–303

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Oyedeji O, Afolayan A (2005) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Centella asiatica. Growing in South Africa Pharmaceutical Biology 43:249–252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Yoshida M, Fuchigami M, Nagao T, Okabe H, Matsunaga K, Takata J, Karube Y, Tsuchihashi R, Kinjo J, Mihashi K (2005) Antiproliferative constituents from Umbelliferae plants VII. Active triterpenes and rosmarinic acid from Centella asiatica. Biol Pharmaceut Bulletin 28:173–175

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Prasad N, Muthusamy G, Shanmugam M, Ambudkar S (2016) South Asian medicinal compounds as modulators of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancers 8:32

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Sultan RA, Mahmood ZA, Azhar I, Hasan MMU, Ahmed S (2012) Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Centella asiatica Linn. Int J Phytomed 4:125–133

    Google Scholar 

  117. Sangwan RS, Tripathi S, Singh J, Narnoliya LK, Sangwan NS (2013) De novo sequencing and assembly of Centella asiatica leaf transcriptome for mapping of structural, functional and regulatory genes with special reference to secondary metabolism. Gene 525:58–76

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Pal RS, Pal Y, Singh V (2016) Isolation and characterization of n-octa decanoic acid from whole aerial parts of centella asiatica Linn. Pharmacy Technol 8:18989–18994

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Sakina M, Dandiya P (1990) A psycho-neuropharmacological profile of Centella asiatica extract. Fitoterapia 61:291–296

    Google Scholar 

  120. Diwan P (1991) Anti-anxiety profile of manduk parni (Centella asiatica) in animals. Fitoterapia 62:253–257

    Google Scholar 

  121. Nalini K, Aroor A, Rao A, Karanth K (1992) Effect of Centella asiatica fresh leaf aqueous extract on learning and memory and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. Fitoterapia 63:231–238

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kumar MV, Gupta Y (2002) Effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica on cognition and markers of oxidative stress in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 79:253–260

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  123. Sudha S, Kumaresan S, Amit A, David J, Venkataraman B (2002) Anti-convulsant activity of different extracts of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri in animals. J Nat Remedies 2:33–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Veerendra Kumar M, Gupta Y (2003) Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30:336–342

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Gupta Y, Kumar MV, Srivastava A (2003) Effect of Centella asiatica on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, cognition and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 74:579–585

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Chen Y, Han T, Qin L, Rui Y, Zheng H (2003) Effect of total triterpenes from Centella asiatica on the depression behavior and concentration of amino acid in forced swimming mice. Zhong yao cai= Zhongyaocai= J Chinese Med Mater 26: 870–873

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ganachari M, Babu V, Katare S (2004) Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Centella asiatica. Pharm Biol 42:246–252

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  128. Soumyanath A, Zhong YP, Yu X, Bourdette D, Koop DR, Gold SA, Gold BG (2005) Centella asiatica accelerates nerve regeneration upon oral administration and contains multiple active fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 57:1221–1229

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Rao SB, Chetana M, Devi PU (2005) Centella asiatica treatment during postnatal period enhances learning and memory in mice. Physiol Behav 86:449–457

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Vattanajun A, Watanabe H, Tantisira M, Tantisira B (2005) Isobolographically additive anticonvulsant activity between Centella asiatica's ethyl acetate fraction and some antiepileptic drugs. J Medical Association of Thailand Chotmaihet thangphaet 88:S131–S140

    Google Scholar 

  131. Chen Y, Han T, Rui Y, Yin M, Qin L, Zheng H (2005) Effects of total triterpenes of Centella asiatica on the corticosterone levels in serum and contents of monoamine in depression rat brain. Zhong yao cai= Zhongyaocai=. Journal of Chinese medicinal materials 28:492–496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wijeweera P, Arnason J, Koszycki D, Merali Z (2006) Evaluation of anxiolytic properties of Gotukola–(Centella asiatica) extracts and asiaticoside in rat behavioral models. Phytomedicine 13:668–676

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mohandas Rao K, Muddanna Rao S, Gurumadhva RS (2009) Enhancement of amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization by fresh leaf juice of Centella asiatica (Linn) during growth spurt period in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 6:203–210

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gadahad MRK, Rao M, Rao G (2008) Enhancement of hippocampal CA3 neuronal dendritic arborization by Centella asiatica (Linn) fresh leaf extract treatment in adult rats. J Chin Med Assoc 71:6–13

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kumar A, Dogra S, Prakash A (2009) Neuroprotective effects of Centella asiatica against intracerebroventricular colchicine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2009

    Google Scholar 

  136. Dhanasekaran M, Holcomb LA, Hitt AR, Tharakan B, Porter JW, Young KA, Manyam BV (2009) Centella asiatica extract selectively decreases amyloid β levels in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease animal model. Phytotherapy Res 23:14–19

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  137. Krishnamurthy RG, Senut MC, Zemke D, Min J, Frenkel MB, Greenberg EJ, Yu SW, Ahn N, Goudreau J, Kassab M (2009) Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene from Centella asiatica, is neuroprotective in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 87:2541–2550

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Haleagrahara N, Ponnusamy K (2010) Neuroprotective effect of Centella asiatica extract (CAE) on experimentally induced parkinsonism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Sci 35:41–47

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Visweswari G, Siva Prasad K, Lokanatha V (2010) The antiepileptic effect of Centella asiatica on the activities of Na+/K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+-ATPases in rat brain during pentylenetetrazol–induced epilepsy. Indian J Pharmaco 42:82

    Google Scholar 

  140. Xu C-L, Wang Q-Z, Sun L-M, Li X-M, Deng J-M, Li L-F, Zhang J, Xu R, Ma S-P (2012) Asiaticoside: attenuation of neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in a rat model of parkinsonism via maintaining redox balance and up-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100:413–418

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Soumyanath A, Zhong Y-P, Henson E, Wadsworth T, Bishop J, Gold BG, Quinn JF (2012) Centella asiatica extract improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: investigation of a possible mechanism of action. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012

    Google Scholar 

  142. Ceremuga TE, Valdivieso D, Kenner C, Lucia A, Lathrop K, Stailey O, Bailey H, Criss J, Linton J, Fried J (2015) Evaluation of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of asiatic acid, a compound from Gotu kola or Centella asiatica, in the male Sprague Dawley rat. AANA J 83:91–98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Gray NE, Harris CJ, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A (2016) Centella asiatica modulates antioxidant and mitochondrial pathways and improves cognitive function in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 180:78–86

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Wanasuntronwong A, Wanakhachornkrai O, Phongphanphanee P, Isa T, Tantisira B, Tantisira MH (2018) Modulation of neuronal activity on intercalated neurons of amygdala might underlie anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018

    Google Scholar 

  145. Welbat J, Chaisawang P, Pannangrong W, Wigmore P (2018) Neuroprotective properties of Asiatic acid against 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in the Hippocampus in an adult rat model. Nutrients 10:1053

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Gray NE, Zweig JA, Caruso M, Martin MD, Zhu JY, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A (2018) Centella asiatica increases hippocampal synaptic density and improves memory and executive function in aged mice. Brain Behavior 8:e01024

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Binti Mohd Yusuf Yeo NA, Muthuraju S, Wong JH, Mohammed FR, Senik MH, Zhang J, Yusof SR, Jaafar H, Ml A, Mohamad H (2018) Hippocampal amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid GluA1 (AMPA GluA1) receptor subunit involves in learning and memory improvement following treatment with Centella asiatica extract in adolescent rats. Brain and Behavior 8:e01093

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Teerapattarakan N, Benya-Aphikul H, Tansawat R, Wanakhachornkrai O, Tantisira MH, Rodsiri R (2018) Neuroprotective effect of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233 in rotenone-induced parkinsonism rats. Phytomedicine 44:65–73

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Chiroma SM, Baharuldin MTH, Taib CNM, Amom Z, Jagadeesan S, Adenan MI, Moklas MAM (2019) Protective effect of Centella asiatica against D-galactose and aluminium chloride induced rats: behavioral and ultrastructural approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 109:853–864

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Boondam Y, Songvut P, Tantisira MH, Tapechum S, Tilokskulchai K, Pakaprot N (2019) Inverted U-shaped response of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) on memory enhancement. Sci Rep 9:8404

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Rochmah MA, Harini IM, Septyaningtrias DE, Sari DCR, Susilowati R (2019) Centella asiatica prevents increase of hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α independently of its effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat model of chronic stress. Biomed Res Int 2019

    Google Scholar 

  152. Yadav MK, Singh SK, Singh M, Mishra SS, Singh AK, Tripathi JS, Tripathi YB (2019) Neuroprotective activity of Evolvulus alsinoides & Centella asiatica Ethanolic extracts in scopolamine-induced amnesia in Swiss albino mice. Open access Macedonian J Ned Sci 7:1059

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  153. Chatterjee T, Chakraborty A, Pathak M, Sengupta G (1992) Effects of plant extract Centella asiatica (Linn.) on cold restraint stress ulcer in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 30:889–891

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Sarma D, Khosa R, Chansauria J, Sahai M (1995) Antiulcer activity of Tinospora cordifolia Miers and Centella asiatica Linn extracts. Phytother Res 9:589–590

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  155. Tan PV, Njimi CK, Ayafor JF (1997) Screening of some African medicinal plants for antiulcerogenic activity: part 1. Phytother Res 11:45–47

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  156. Cheng C, Koo M (2000) Effects of Centella asiatica on ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Life Sci 67:2647–2653

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Sairam K, Rao CV, Goel R (2001) Effect of Centella asiatica Linn on physical and chemical factors induced gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 39:137–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Guo JS, Cheng CL, Koo MWL (2004) Inhibitory effects of Centella asiatica water extract and asiaticoside on inducible nitric oxide synthase during gastric ulcer healing in rats. Planta Med 70:1150–1154

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Sripanidkulchai K, Techataweewan N, Sripanidkulchai B (2007) Prevention of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats by extract from leaves of Centella asiatica. Siriraj Med J 59:122–124

    Google Scholar 

  160. Abdulla M, Al-Bayaty F, Younis L, Hassan MA (2010) Anti-ulcer activity of Centella asiatica leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. J Medicinal Plants Res 4:1253–1259

    Google Scholar 

  161. Wang C, Su W, Su X, Ni G, Liu T, Kong Y (2015) Synergy effects of three plant extracts on protection of gastric mucosa. Nat Prod Commun 10:1989–1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Gnanapragasam A, Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Govindaraju P, Devaki T (2004) Protective effect of Centella asiatica on antioxidant tissue defense system against adriamycin induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Life Sci 76:585–597

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Pragada R, Veeravalli K, Chowdary K, Routhu K (2004) Cardioprotective activity of Hydrocotyle asiatica L in ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 93:105–108

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Gnanapragasam A, Yogeeta S, Subhashini R, Ebenezar K, Sathish V, Devaki T (2007) Adriamycin induced myocardial failure in rats: protective role of Centella asiatica. Mol Cell Biochem 294:55–63

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Si L, Xu J, Yi C, Xu X, Wang F, Gu W, Zhang Y, Wang X (2014) Asiatic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by blocking transforming growth factor-β1-mediated hypertrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 34:499–506

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Huo L, Shi W, Chong L, Wang J, Zhang K, Li Y (2016) Asiatic acid inhibits left ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Experiment Therapeuticmed 11:57–64

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Dai Y, Wang Z, Quan M, Lv Y, Li Y, Xin H-B, Qian Y (2018) Asiatic acid protests against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulation of glycometabolism in rat cardiomyocyte. Drug Design, Develop Therapy 12: 3573

    Google Scholar 

  168. Ming Z, Liu S, Cao L (2004) Effect of total glucosides of Centella asiatica on antagonizing liver fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine in rats. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi= Chinese Journal Integrated Traditional and WESTERN Medicine 24: 731–734

    Google Scholar 

  169. Sharma R, Sharma J (2005) Modification of gamma ray induced changes in the mouse hepatocytes by Centella asiatica extract: in vivo studies. Phytother Res 19:605–611

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Liu J, He T, Lu Q, Shang J, Sun H, Zhang L (2010) Asiatic acid preserves beta cell mass and mitigates hyperglycemia in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 26:448–454

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. L-x T, He R-h, Yang G, Tan J-j, Zhou L, X-m M, Huang XR, Lan HY (2012) Asiatic acid inhibits liver fibrosis by blocking TGF-beta/Smad signaling in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 7:e31350

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  172. M Xavier S, Umadevi D (2014) Hepatoprotective effect of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica LINN.) On Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced LIVER INJURY IN RATS. Int Res J Pharmacy, ; 5: 929–931

    Google Scholar 

  173. Choi MJ, Zheng HM, Kim JM, Lee KW, Park YH, Lee DH (2016) Protective effects of Centella asiatica leaf extract on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 14:4521–4528

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Kamble SM, Patil CR (2018) Asiatic acid ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac and Hepato-renal toxicities with Nrf2 transcriptional factor activation in rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 18:131–141

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Wei L, Chen Q, Guo A, Fan J, Wang R, Zhang H (2018) Asiatic acid attenuates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 60:1–8

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Wang W, Wu L, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xu L, Lin C, Gao L, Zhao K, Liang F, Zhang Q (2018) Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice by inhibiting p38/NF-κB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 103:1137–1145

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Pang L, Hou L, Mei Q, Kong X, Hu Y, Gao Y, Lin H, Liu Z, Zeng C, Lian Y (2010) Effects of compound Centella asiatica enema on kidneys coefficient, electrolytes and blood in chronic renal failure rats. Zhong yao cai= Zhongyaocai=. Journal of Chinese medicinal materials 33:775–778

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Chen Y-N, Chen Y, Wang L, Xu Z-G, Li W, Wu C-G (2011) The effect of asiatic acid on renal c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in diabetic rats. Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Nanjing (Natural Science) 3:026

    Google Scholar 

  179. Xu C, Wang W, Xu M, Zhang J (2013) Asiatic acid ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice with ureteral obstruction. Exp Ther Med 6:731–736

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  180. Wang Z, Liu J, Sun W (2013) Effects of asiaticoside on levels of podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and renal slit diaphragm proteins in adriamycin-induced rat nephropathy. Life Sci 93:352–358

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. X-m M, Zhang Y, Huang X-R, G-l R, Li J, Lan HY (2015) Treatment of renal fibrosis by rebalancing TGF-β/Smad signaling with the combination of asiatic acid and naringenin. Oncotarget 6:36984

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  182. Ma J, Wang H, Liu H, Ding Y, Bai J, Zhang Z. (2018) Effects of centella asiatica granule on the expression of TGF-β1 and related down-stream signals in rats with early diabetic nephropathy. Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi= Zhongguo yingyong shenglixue zazhi= Chinese J Appl Phys 4: 69–73

    Google Scholar 

  183. Chen Y-N, Wu C-G, Shi B-M, Qian K, Ding Y (2018) The protective effect of asiatic acid on podocytes in the kidney of diabetic rats. Am J Transl Res 10:3733

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  184. Yang C, Guo Y, T-s H, Zhao J, Huang X-J, H-x T, An N, Pan Q, Xu Y-z, H-f L (2018) Asiatic acid protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 107:1354–1362

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Li Z, Xiao X, Yang M (2016) Asiatic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Inflammation 39:1642–1648

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Lee J-W, Park HA, Kwon O-K, Jang Y-G, Kim JY, Choi BK, Lee HJ, Lee S, Paik J-H, Oh S-R (2016) Asiatic acid inhibits pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke. Int Immunopharmacol 39:208–217

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Xia X, Dai C, Yu H, Huang X, Chen A, Tan Y, Wang L (2018) Asiatic acid prevents the development of interstitial lung disease in a hypochlorous acid-induced mouse model of scleroderma. Oncol Lett 15:8711–8716

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. Gayathri V, Lekshmi P, Padmanabhan R (2011) Anti-diabetes activity of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (whole plant) in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, isolation of an active fraction and toxicity evaluation of the extract. Int J Med Aromatic Plants 1:278–286

    Google Scholar 

  189. Ramachandran V, Saravanan R (2013) Efficacy of asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 20:230–236

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Ramachandran V, Saravanan R (2013) Asiatic acid prevents lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Funct Foods 5:1077–1087

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Kabir AU, Samad MB, D’Costa NM, Akhter F, Ahmed A, Hannan JMA (2014) Anti-hyperglycemic activity of Centella asiatica is partly mediated by carbohydrase inhibition and glucose-fiber binding. BMC Complement Altern Med 14:31

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Hsu Y-M, Hung Y-c HL, Lee Y-j, M-c Y (2015) Anti-diabetic effects of madecassic acid and rotundic acid. Nutrients 7:10065–10075

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Abas F, Khatib A, Perumal V, Suppaiah V, Ismail A, Hamid M, Shaari K, Lajis N (2016) Metabolic alteration in obese diabetes rats upon treatment with Centella asiatica extract. J Ethnopharmacol 180:60–69

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Oyenihi AB, Langa SO, Mukaratirwa S, Masola B (2019) Effects of Centella asiatica on skeletal muscle structure and key enzymes of glucose and glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 112:108715

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Morisset R, Cote N, Panisset J, Jemni L, Camirand P, Brodeur A (1987) Evaluation of the healing activity of hydrocotyle tincture in the treatment of wounds. Phytother Res 1:117–121

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  196. Parameshwaraiah S, Shivakumar H (1998) Evaluation of topical formulations of aqueous extract of Centella asiatica on open wounds in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 36:569–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Shukla A, Rasik A, Jain G, Shankar R, Kulshrestha D, Dhawan B (1999) In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 65:1–11

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Shukla A, Rasik AM, Dhawan BN (1999) Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phytother Res 13:50–54

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Maquart F-X, Bellon G, Gillery P, Wegrowski Y, Borel J-P (1990) Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by a triterpene extracted from Centella asiatica. Connect Tissue Res 24:107–120

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Shetty BS, Udupa S, Udupa A, Somayaji S (2006) Effect of Centella asiatica L (Umbelliferae) on normal and dexamethasone-suppressed wound healing in Wistar albino rats. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 5:137–143

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Liu M, Dai Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Huang F, Gong Z, Meng Q (2008) Madecassoside isolated from Centella asiatica herbs facilitates burn wound healing in mice. Planta Med 74:809–815

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, K-i S, Satake N, Sakanaka M (2008) Facilitating action of asiaticoside at low doses on burn wound repair and its mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 584:415–423

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Somboonwong J, Kankaisre M, Tantisira B, Tantisira MH (2012) Wound healing activities of different extracts of Centella asiatica in incision and burn wound models: an experimental animal study. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:103

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Yao CH, Yeh JY, Chen YS, Li MH, Huang CH (2015) Wound-healing effect of electrospun gelatin nanofibres containing Centella asiatica extract in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11:905–915

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Hou Q, Li M, Lu YH, Liu DH, Li CC (2016) Burn wound healing properties of asiaticoside and madecassoside. Exp Ther Med 12:1269–1274

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  206. Huang W, Hu F, Sun X-H (2018) Asiatic acid prevents retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in a rat model of glaucoma. Frontiers in Neurosci 12:489

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  207. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Houghton PJ (2007) Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 21:1142–1145

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  208. Awad R, Levac D, Cybulska P, Merali Z, Trudeau V, Arnason J (2007) Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85:933–942

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Xu Y, Cao Z, Khan I, Luo Y (2008) Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract enhances phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in neuroblastoma cells expressing amyloid beta peptide. J Alzheimers Dis 13:341–349

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Barbosa N, Pittella F, Gattaz W (2008) Centella asiatica water extract inhibits iPLA2 and cPLA2 activities in rat cerebellum. Phytomedicine 15:896–900

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Ramesh B, Indi S, Rao K (2010) Studies to understand the effect of Centella asiatica on Aβ (42) aggregation in vitro. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 4:716–724

    Google Scholar 

  212. Gray NE, Sampath H, Zweig JA, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A (2015) Centella asiatica attenuates amyloid-β-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 45:933–946

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Kim YN, Park YS, Kim HK, Jeon BC, Youn SE, Lee HY (1993) Enhancement of the attachment on microcarriers and tPA production by fibroblast cells in a serum-free medium by the addition of the extracts ofCentella asiatica. Cytotechnology 13:221–226

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Wojcikowski K, Wohlmuth H, Johnson DW, Rolfe M, Gobe G (2009) An in vitro investigation of herbs traditionally used for kidney and urinary system disorders: potential therapeutic and toxic effects. Nephrology 14:70–79

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Babish JG, Pacioretty LM, Bland JS, Minich DM, Hu J, Tripp ML (2010) Antidiabetic screening of commercial botanical products in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. J Med Food 13:535–547

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Di Tomo P, Di Silvestre S, Cordone VGP, Giardinelli A, Faricelli B, Pipino C, Lanuti P, Peng T, Formoso G, Yang D (2015) Centella asiatica and lipoic acid, or a combination thereof, inhibit monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells from umbilical cords of gestational diabetic women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 25:659–666

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Tenni R, Zanaboni G, De MA, Rossi A, Bendotti C, Cetta G (1988) Effect of the triterpenoid fraction of Centella asiatica on macromolecules of the connective matrix in human skin fibroblast cultures. Ital J Biochem 37:69–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Bonte F, Dumas M, Chaudagne C, Meybeck A (1994) Influence of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human collagen I synthesis. Planta Med 60:133–135

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Bonte F, Dumas M, Chaudagne C, Meybeck A (1995) Comparative activity of asiaticoside and madecassoside on type I and III collagen synthesis by cultured human fibroblasts. In: ed.^eds., Annales pharmaceutiques francaises, pp. 38–42

    Google Scholar 

  220. Coldren CD, Hashim P, Ali JM, Oh S-K, Sinskey AJ, Rha CK (2003) Gene expression changes in the human fibroblast induced by Centella asiatica triterpenoids. Planta Med 69:725–732

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Lu L, Ying K, Wei S, Liu Y, Lin H, Mao Y (2004) Dermal fibroblast-associated gene induction by asiaticoside shown in vitro by DNA microarray analysis. Br J Dermatol 151:571–578

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Lu L, Ying K, Wei S, Fang Y, Liu Y, Lin H, Ma L, Mao Y (2004) Asiaticoside induction for cell-cycle progression, proliferation and collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Dermatol 43:801–807

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D (2006) Asiaticoside induces human collagen I synthesis through TGFβ receptor I kinase (TβRI kinase)-independent Smad signaling. Planta Med 72:324–328

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Hashim P, Sidek H, Helan MHM, Sabery A, Palanisamy UD, Ilham M (2011) Triterpene composition and bioactivities of Centella asiatica. Molecules 16:1310–1322

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Tang B, Zhu B, Liang Y, Bi L, Hu Z, Chen B, Zhang K, Zhu J (2011) Asiaticoside suppresses collagen expression and TGF-β/Smad signaling through inducing Smad7 and inhibiting TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII in keloid fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 303:563–572

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Lee J-H, Kim H-L, Lee MH, You KE, Kwon B-J, Seo HJ, Park J-C (2012) Asiaticoside enhances normal human skin cell migration, attachment and growth in vitro wound healing model. Phytomedicine 19:1223–1227

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Ruszymah BHI, Chowdhury SR, Manan NABA, Fong OS, Adenan MI, Saim AB (2012) Aqueous extract of Centella asiatica promotes corneal epithelium wound healing in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 140:333–338

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Sampson J, Raman A, Karlsen G, Navsaria H, Leigh IM (2001) In vitro keratinocyte antiproliferant effect of Centella asiatica extract and triterpenoid saponins. Phytomedicine 8:230–235

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Kwon KJ, Bae S, Kim K, An IS, Ahn KJ, An S, Cha HJ (2014) Asiaticoside, a component of Centella asiatica, inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma. Mol Med Rep 10:503–507

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Nowwarote N, Osathanon T, Jitjaturunt P, Manopattanasoontorn S, Pavasant P (2013) Asiaticoside induces type I collagen synthesis and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. Phytother Res 27:457–462

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Wattanathorn J, Mator L, Muchimapura S, Tongun T, Pasuriwong O, Piyawatkul N, Yimtae K, Sripanidkulchai B, Singkhoraard J (2008) Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 116:325–332

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Dev RDO. comparison On Cognitive Effects Of Centella Asiatica In Healthy Middle Age Female And Male Volunteers: p174–06. Ann Nutr Metab, 2009; 55: 709

    Google Scholar 

  233. Tiwari S, Singh S, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Gambhir I (2008) Effect of Centella asiatica on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and other common age-related clinical problems. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 3:215–220

    Google Scholar 

  234. Shin H, Choi I, Lee M, Park K (1982) Clinical trials of madecassol (Centella asiatica) on gastrointestinal ulcer patients. Korean J Gastroenterol 14:49–56

    Google Scholar 

  235. Allegra C, Pollari G, Criscuolo A, Bonifacio M, Tabassi D (1981) Centella asiatica extract in venous disorders of the lower limbs. Comparative clinico-instrumental studies with a placebo La Clinica Terapeutica 99:507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Marastoni F, Baldo A, Redaelli G, Ghiringhelli L (1982) CENTELLA ASIATICA extract in venous diseases of the lower-limbs and a comparison between its EFFECTIVENESS and that of TRIBENOSIDE. Minerva Cardioangiol 30:201–207

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Pointel J, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Ledevehat C, Joubert M (1987) Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 38:46–50

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Arpaia M, Ferrone R, Amitrano M, Nappo C, Leonardo G (1990) Effects of Centella asiatica extract on mucopolysaccharide metabolism in subjects with varicose veins. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 10:229–233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Belcaro GV, Grimaldi R, Guidi G (1990) Improvement of capillary permeability in patients with venous hypertension after treatment with TTFCA. Angiology 41:533–540

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Montecchio G, Samaden A, Carbone S, Vigotti M, Siragusa S, Piovella F (1991) Centella Asiatica Triterpenic fraction (CATTF) reduces the number of circulating endothelial cells in subjects with post phlebitic syndrome. Haematologica 76:256–259

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F (2001) Effectiveness of the combination of alpha tocopherol, rutin, melilotus, and centella asiatica in the treatment of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Minerva Cardioangiol 49:159–163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Cesarone M, Belcaro G, De Sanctis M, Incandela L, Cacchio M, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Griffin M, Geroulakos G (2001) Effects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Angiology 52:S15–S18

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. De Sanctis M, Belcaro G, Incandela L, Cesarone M, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Cacchio M (2001) Treatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a clinical, prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-ranging trial. Angiology 52:S55–S59

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Darnis F, Orcel L, Mamou P (1979) Use of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in chronic hepatic disorders (author's transl). La semaine des hopitaux: organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris 55:1749–1750

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Cesarone M, Incandela L, De Sanctis M, Belcaro G, Bavera P, Bucci M, Ippolito E (2001) Evaluation of treatment of diabetic microangiopathy with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a clinical prospective randomized trial with a microcirculatory model. Angiology 52:S49–S54

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Forte R, Cennamo G, Finelli ML, Bonavolonta P, de Crecchio G, Greco GM (2011) Combination of flavonoids with Centella asiatica and Melilotus for diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 27:109–113

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Kuo Y-S, Chien H-F, Lu W (2012) Plectranthus amboinicus and Centella asiatica cream for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012

    Google Scholar 

  248. García Hernández J, Madera González D, Padilla Castillo M, Figueras FT (2013) Use of a specific anti-stretch mark cream for preventing or reducing the severity of striae gravidarum. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Int J Cosmet Sci 35:233–237

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Jenwitheesuk K, Rojsanga P, Chowchuen B, Surakunprapha P (2018) A prospective randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of the efficacy using Centella cream for scar improvement. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018

    Google Scholar 

  250. Hu S, Belcaro G, Hosoi M, Feragalli B, Luzzi R, Dugall M (2018) Postpartum stretchmarks: repairing activity of an oral Centella asiatica supplementation (Centellicum®). Minerva Ginecol 70:629–634

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Farshad Abedi Torbati, Reza Dehghan & Sepideh Elyasi

  2. Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mahin Ramezani

  3. Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Sadegh Amiri

  4. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Ali Tafazoli Moghadam

  5. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Tafazoli Moghadam

  6. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Neda Shakour

  7. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  8. Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  9. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  10. Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  11. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Seyed Ahmad Emami

Authors
  1. Farshad Abedi Torbati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahin Ramezani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reza Dehghan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Sadegh Amiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ali Tafazoli Moghadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Neda Shakour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sepideh Elyasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Amirhossein Sahebkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Seyed Ahmad Emami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sepideh Elyasi or Seyed Ahmad Emami .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Dr. George E. Barreto

  2. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Prof. Dr. Amirhossein Sahebkar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Torbati, F.A. et al. (2021). Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Features of Centella asiatica: A Comprehensive Review. In: Barreto, G.E., Sahebkar, A. (eds) Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1308. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_25

Download citation