Abstract
The article presents a reflection on the complexities and contradictions of world heritage sites management processes, specifically in the Brazilian case of the Pampulha Modern Ensemble, which was inscribed in the cultural landscape typology in July 2016, on the World Heritage List of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization—UNESCO. The case study aims to demonstrate that the inscription of cultural landscapes located in urban areas on the World Heritage List is a recent phenomenon, and as such, requires a review of the concepts and methodologies previously in force in the field of urban cultural heritage management and conservation. In the midst of contemporary discussions about the management of cultural landscapes, the value-based approach and the concept of cultural significance stand out, as both deal with the “management of change” inherent in the field of cultural landscape conservation and management. In light of this background, the article aims to reflect on the following issues: (1) What are the developments and effects of the inscription of the Pampulha Modern Ensemble as a Cultural Landscape on the World Heritage List? (2) What are the contemporary methodological approaches for the conservation/management of a Cultural (Urban) Landscape? (3) What would be the limit of acceptable transformations in a world heritage cultural landscape without losing its O.U.V.—Outstanding Universal Value? The article intends to problematize and promote reflection on such questions, aiming to elucidate the transformations that have occurred both in the symbolic and conceptual dimensions, as well as in the policies and instruments of preservation of cultural heritage over time, and to discuss the concepts, theories and practices of conservation and management of cultural heritage, especially of world heritage cultural landscapes.
This text was originally published in the Annals of the 1st International Congress on Urban Heritage of Humanity/1st International Symposium on World Heritage of Minas Gerais in the international context. UFJF. 2020.
Luciana Rocha Féres—Member of the Brazilian Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS / BRAZIL), Professor, Consultant and PhD. Candidate of the Doctoral Program in Built Environment and Sustainable Heritage of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Architecture at UFMG - Rua Paraíba 697, sala 201. Cep: 30130-140, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Leonardo Barci Castriota—President of the Brazilian Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS / BRAZIL), Full Professor at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Federal University of Minas Gerais. Doctoral Program in Built Environment and Sustainable Heritage, School of Architecture at UFMG - Rua Paraíba 697, sala 201. Cep: 30130-140, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Notes
- 1.
Mason 2008, p. 182.
- 2.
The evaluation and judgment are carried out by groups of distinct experts, for natural heritage sites, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN); for cultural heritage sites, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). (UNESCO 2015).
- 3.
“Sustainable development (…) strictly speaking, the adjective should be divided into socially inclusive, environmentally sustainable and economically sustained over time. SACHS, I. in VEIGA, J.E., 2005, p. 10. “Development that seeks to satisfy the needs of the current generation, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. What is sustainable development. Environmental Dictionary. ((o)) echo, Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 2014. Available at: https://www.oeco.org.br/dicionario-ambiental/28588-o-que-e-desenvolvimento-sustentavel/. Accessed: 20 July 2019.
- 4.
Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/. Accessed: August 2019.
- 5.
The term stakeholder is used in most documents, letters, recommendations and plans for managing cultural landscapes and places of interest for preservation. It means actors or agents involved and incorporates all interested parties in the process of conservation and management of a given cultural site.
- 6.
El patrimonio es aquello en lo que los grupos o las personas convienen en entender como tal, y sus valores no son ya algo inherente, indiscutible u objetivo, sino algo que las personas proyectan sobre ellos. Viñas (2003), p. 152.
- 7.
The “Burra Charter” is the popular name given to The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, which was adopted by ICOMOS Australia from a meeting held in the city of Burra, Australia in 1979. It went through several revisions, and the last version was updated in 2013.
- 8.
The Charter defines the meaning of place: “Place means a geographically defined area. It may include elements, objects, spaces and views. Place may have tangible and intangible dimensions.” (ICOMOS Australia 2013, p. 2).
- 9.
Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups (ICOMOS Australia 2013, p. 2).
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Féres, L.R., Castriota, L.B. (2021). The Pampulha Modern Ensemble: Reflections on the Complexities and Contradictions for the Management of a World Heritage Cultural Landscape. In: Christofoletti, R., Olender, M. (eds) World Heritage Patinas. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64815-2_7
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