Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways that Hurston challenged the conventions of several forms. While she defied expectation through narrative voice in her fiction and nonfiction, she also defied expectation in writing her autobiography, Dust Tracks on the Road. Initially ignored because of its “lackluster” feel compared to her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, a closer look at Hurston's memoir, in light of her tendency to experiment and not conform to genre convention, reveals a deeply layered text that challenges what it means to write a life. The chapter also discusses how Hurston's autobiographical text is not only experimental but also performative. Compared to the ways she challenged the anthropological community, her performative auto/biography suggests that Hurston’s commitment to writing Black language and culture was a refusal to both white and Black readers’ expectations of the Black esthetic of the Harlem Renaissance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Works Cited
Abbott, Dorothy. “Recovering Zora Neal Hurston’s Work.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies (1991): 174–181.
Abel, Elizabeth. “Black Writing, White Reading: Race and the Politics of Feminist Interpretation” Critical Inquiry (1993): 470–499.
Angelou, Maya. “Foreword.” Dust Tracks on the Road by Zora Neale Hurston. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991. vii–xii.
Bell, April Baker. Linguistic Justice: Black Language, Literacy, Identity, and Pedagogy. London: Routledge, 2020.
Benesch, Klaus. “Oral Narrative and Literary Text: Afro-American Folklore in Their Eyes Were Watching God.” Callaloo (1988): 627–635.
Beverly, John. “The Margin at the Center.” The Real Thing: Testimonial Discourse and Latin America. Ed. Georg Gugelberger. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. 266–286.
“Black History Bootcamp.” GirlTrek Podcast. Co-hosts Vanessa Garrison and Morgan Dixon. 2020.
Boi, Paola. “Moses, Man of Power, Man of Knowledge: A signifying Reading of Zora Neale Hurston (Between a Laugh and a Song).” In Diedrich, Maria and Dorothea Fischer-Hornung, eds. Women and War: The Changing Status of American Women from the 1930’s to the 1950’s. Berg: New York, 1990. 107–126.
Bordelon, Pam, ed. Go Gator and Muddy the Water: Writings by Zora Neale Hurston from the Federal Writers’ Project. New York: Norton, 1999.
Borders, Florence Edwards. “Zora Neale Hurston: Hidden Woman.” Callaloo (1979): 89–92.
Boxwell, D. A. “‘Sis Cat’ as Ethnographer: Self-presentation and Self-inscription in Zora Neale Hurston’s Mules and Men.” African American Review 26.4 (1992): 605–618.
Boyd, Valerie. Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston: New York: Scribner, 2002.
Campbell, Kermit E. “The Signifying Monkey Revisited: Vernacular Discourse and African American Personal Narratives.” JAC: Rhetoric, Writing, Culture, Politics. 14.2 (1994): 463–473.
Caputi, Jane. “‘Specifying Fannie Hurst: Langton Hughes’s Limitations of Life, Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye as Answers to Hurst’s ‘Imitation of Life.’” Black American Literature Forum (1990): 697–710.
Carpio, Glenda R. and Werner Sollors. “The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston.” The Chronicle of Higher Education (Jan. 2, 2011): B6–B10.
Charnov, Elaine S. “The Performative Visual Anthropology Films of Zora Neale Hurston.” Film Criticism 23.1 (1998): 38–47.
Clarke, Deborah. “‘The porch couldn’t talk for looking’: Voice and Vision in Their Eyes Were Watching God.” African American Review 35.4 (Winter 2001): 599–613.
Cluba, John. “The Worm Against the Word: The Hermeneutical Challenge in Hurston’s Jonah’s Gourd Vine.” African American Review 34.1 (2000): 119–133.
Davis, Cynthia and Verner D. Mitchell, eds. Zora Neale Hurston: An Annotated Bibliography of Works and Criticism. Scarecrow Press, 2013.
Davis, Doris. “‘De Takin’ Game’: The Creation of Psychic Space in Selected Short Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 26 (2007): 269–286.
Dee. Ruby. “75th Anniversary of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.’’ New York: The Greene Space at WNYC. March 20, 2012.
Dolby-Stahl, Sandra. “Literary Objectives: Hurston’s Use of Personal Narrative in Mules and Men.” Western Folklore 51.1 (1992): 51–63.
Domina, Lynn. “‘Protection in My Mouf’: Self, Voice, and Community in Zora Neale Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road and Mules and Men.” African American Review 31.2 (Summer 1997): 197–209.
Dutton, Wendy. “The Problem of Invisibility: Voodoo and Zora Neale Hurston.” Frontiers 13.2 (1993): 131–152.
Edkins, Diana and Carole Marks. The Power of Pride: Stylemakers and Rule Breakers of the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Crown Publishers, 1999.
Feracho, Lesley. Linking the Americas: Race, Hybrid Discourse, and the Reformulation of Feminine Identity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Fraile, Anna Marie. “Zora Neale Hurston’s Experimentation with Voice in her Short Stories.” REDEN : revista española de estudios norteamericanos 13 (1997): 27–40.
Fulmer, Jacquiline. Folk Women and Indirection in Morrison, NiDhuibhne, Hurston, and Lavin. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. “Afterword: Zora Neale Hurston: ‘A Negro Way of Saying.’” Dust Tracks on the Road. New York: HarperPerennial. 1991 (1942). 257–267.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke. “Introduction: Zora Reale Hurston: Establishing the Canon.” In Zora Neale Hurston: The Complete Stories. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke, eds. New York: HarperPerennial, 1995. ix–xxiii.
Harris, Trudier. “African American Lives: Zora Neale Hurston, James Baldwin, Malcolm X, and Eldridge Cleaver.” In Cambridge Companion to Autobiography. Emily O. Wittman and Maria DeBattista, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 180–194.
Harris, Trudier. “Our People, Our People.” In Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston: The Common Bond. Lillie P. Howard, ed. Greenwood Press, 1993a. 31–42.
Harris, Trudier. “‘Africanizing the Audience’: Zora Neale Hurston’s Transformation of White Folks in Mules and Men.” The Zora Neale Hurston Forum 7:1 (1993b): 43–58.
Harris, Trudier. “The Trickster in African American Literature.” National Humanities Center online resources for high school teachers. TeacherServe, Summer 2009.
Harris, Trudier. The Power of the Porch: The Storyteller’s Craft in Zora Neale Hurston, Gloria Naylor, and Randall Kenan. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
Heard, Matthew. “‘Dancing is dancing no matter who is doing it’: Zora Neale Hurston, literacy, and contemporary writing pedagogy.” College Literature 34 (2007): 129–155.
Hill, Lynda Marion. Social Rituals and the Verbal Art of Zora Neale Hurston. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1996.
Holloway, Karla. Moorings & Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women’s Literature. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
hooks, bell. 1989. “Zora Neale Hurston: A Subversive Reading.” Matatu 5–23.
Hoyes, Candice. With ‘Zora’s Moon,’ Jazz Singer Candice Hoyes Brings Black History Into The Present.” Host Tonya Mosley. National Public Radio’s Here and Now. Washington, DC. August 13, 2020.
Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks on the Road. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991 (1942).
Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men. Perennial Library. (1934) 1990.
Hurston, Zora Neale. The Complete Stories. New York: HarperPerennial, 2008.
Jackson, Chuck. “Waste and Whiteness: Zora Neale Hurston and the Politics of Eugenics.” African American Review 34.4 (2000): 639–660.
Jirousek, Lori. ‘That Commonality of Feeling’” Hurston, Hybridity, and Ethnography.” African American Review 38 (2004): 417–427.
Johnson, Barbara. 1984. “Metaphor, Metonymy, and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God.” In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. ed. Black Literature and Literary Theory. New York: Methuen. 205–219.
Johnson, Barbara. “Thresholds of Difference: Structures of Address in Zora Neale Hurston.” Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 278–289.
Jones, Kirkland C. “Folk Humor as Comic Relief in Hurston’s Jonah’s Gourd Vine.” The Zora Neal Hurston Forum (1986): 26–31.
Kaplan, Carla, ed. Zora Neale Hurston. A Life in Letters. New York: Doubleday, 2002.
Kim, Myung Ja. “Zora Neale Hurston’s Search for Self: Their Eyes Were Watching God.” The Journal of English Language and Literature (1990): 491–513.
Kitch, Sally L. “Gender and Language: Dialect, Silence, and the Disruption of Discourse. Women’s Studies (1987): 66–78.
Konzett, Delia C. Ethnic Modernisms: Anzia Yezierska, Zora Neale Hurston, Jean Rhys, and the Aesthetics of Dislocation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
Li, Stephanie. Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in American History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2020.
Lowe, John. Jump at the Sun. Zora Neale Hurston’s Cosmic Comedy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
MacKethan, Lucinda H. “Mother Wit: Humor in Afro-American Women’s Autobiography.” Studies in American Humor (1985): 51–61.
McKay, Nellie. “‘Crayon Enlargements of Life’” Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God as Autobiography.” In Awkward, Michael, ed., New Essays on Their Eyes Were Watching God. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990. 51–70.
Meisenhelder, Susan. “Conflict and Resistance in Zora Neale Hurston’s Mules and Men.” Journal of American Folklore: (1996): 267–288.
Moody-Turner, Shirley. “Black Folklore and the Politics of Racial Representation.” Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life. Ed. Tiffany R. Patterson. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005.
Plant, Deborah G. “The Folk Preacher and the Folk; Sermon Form in Zora Neale Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road.” Folklore Forum (1988): 3–19.
Powell, Katrina M. “Reading Human Rights Literature through Oral Traditions.” Routledge Companion to Literature and Human Rights. Eds. Sophia A. McClennen and Alexandra Shulteis Moore. London: Routledge, 2015. 136–147.
Raynaud, Claudine. “Autobiography as a ‘Lying’ Session: Zora Neale Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road.” In Weixlmann, Joe, and Houston A. Baker, Jr., eds. Black Feminist Criticism and Critical Theory. Greenwood, FL: Penkevill. 111–138.
Robey, Judith. “Generic Strategies in Zora Neale Hurston’s Dust Tracks on a Road.” Black American Literature Forum (1990): 667–683.
Sadoff, Dianne F. “Black Matrilineage: The Case of Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston.” Signs 11.1 (1985): 4–26.
Seidel, Kathryn Lee. The Artist in the Kitchen: The Economics of Creativity in Hurston’s ‘Sweat.’ Orlando: University of Central Florida Press, 1991. 110–120.
Sexton, Genevieve. “The Last Witness: Testimony and Desire in Zora Neale Hurston’s ‘Barracoon.’” Discourse 25 (2004): 189–210.
Smitherman, Geneva. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986.
Threadcraft, Torry. “The Power of Untold Slave Narratives.” The Atlantic. 1 October 2018.
Trefzer, Annette. “Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston’s Tell My Horse.” African American Review 34.2 (2000): 299–312.
Wald, Priscilla. “Becoming ‘Colored’: The Self-Authorized Language of Difference in Zora Neale Hurston.” American Literary History (1990): 79–100.
Walker, Alice. “Looking for Zora.” In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. (Ms. Magazine 1975). San Diego: Harcour Brace Jovanovich, 1983. 93–109.
Walker, Pierre A. 1998. “Zora Neale Hurston and the Post-Modern Self in Dust Tracks on a Road.” African American Review 32.3 (1998): 387–399.
Wall, Cheryl A. “Mules and Men and Women: Zora Neale Hurston’s Strategies of Narration and Visions of Female Empowerment.” Black American Literature Forum (1989): 661–80.
Wallach, Jennifer Jensen. Closer to Truth Than Any Fact: Memoir, Memory, and Jim Crow. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.
Ward, Jervette R. “Introduction.” Zora Neale Hurston: An Annotated Bibliography of Works and Criticism. Cynthia Davis and Verner D. Mitchell, eds. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 1–5.
West, M. Genevieve. Zora Neale Hurston and American Literary Culture. Gainesville: University of Florida, 2005.
Wright, Richard. “Laughter and Tears.” The New Masses. 5 October 1937: 22–23.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Powell, K.M. (2021). Zora Neale Hurston’s Craft and a Griot’s Refusal to Conform. In: Performing Autobiography. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64598-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64598-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64597-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64598-4
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)