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The Brazilian Encyclopedia: A Stranded Dream

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Stranded Encyclopedias, 1700–2000

Part of the book series: New Directions in Book History ((NDBH))

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Abstract

In the 1930s, a new authoritarian regime and the literary and artistic vanguard—the Modernist movement—converged on the idea that a Brazilian encyclopedia would represent an emblem of, and a milestone in the development of a new sense of national identity, designated as brasilidade (Brazilianness). Although representatives of both right- and left-wing Modernism sought to make a large-scale national encyclopedia with Brazilian content, none of these attempts succeeded. In addition to social, political, and economic factors, theoretical-methodological reasons account for this unfavorable outcome. In this chapter, Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb, Márcia H. M. Ferraz, Elaine Pereira de Souza, and Silvia Waisse briefly describe the general historical context and then discuss why an encyclopedia came to be seen as a symbol of brasilidade. The focus is on the iconoclastic approach to organizing knowledge by the epitome of Modernism, Mário de Andrade, which by its very nature brought the seeds of its own dismissal. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the role of encyclopedias as tools to organize the knowledge available in different times and places.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The first complete encyclopedia in Portuguese published in Brazil appeared in 1914: the twenty-volume Enciclopédia e Dicionário Internacional. It became popularly known as the “Jackson Encyclopedia” after its publisher, the North American company W.M. Jackson. This company also published other collections (always translations of foreign works, with a few adjustments for the Brazilian readership), including Thesouro da Juventude, for young readers. Starting in the 1950s, several joint ventures of foreign and Brazilian publishers released encyclopedias, now with substantial adjustment of content. Relevant examples are the Enciclopédia Delta Larousse (1950) and the Enciclopédia Barsa (1964). See Bernadete Campbello and Paulo da Terra, ed., Introdução às Fontes de Informação, 2nd ed. (Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2008), 19–20; Gabriela P. Soares, “O Editor Norte-americano W.M. Jakson e a Difusão da Britânica The Children’s Encyclopaedia ou Tesouro da Juventude na América Latina, Anos 1900 aos 1950,” in Escrita, Edição e Literatura na América Latina, ed. Nelson Schapochnik and Giselle Martins Venâncio (Niterói: PPGHistória–UFF, 2016), 198–215; Phellipe L. da D. Esteves, “A Produção de uma Enciclopédia do Porvir: Política Linguística e Projeção de uma Disciplina,” Matraga 23, no. 38 (2016): 265 et seq; Edson N. da Fonseca, “O Negócio das Enciclopédias,” Ciência da Informação 1, no. 2 (1972): 91–96.

  2. 2.

    A summary of studies and debates on Modernism is available in Pericles Lewis, The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

  3. 3.

    See, e.g., Peter Childs, Modernism, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2008), 14–18. On the notion of mazeway to account for the novel in Modernism, see Roger Griffin, “Modernity, Modernism, and Fascism: A ‘Mazeway Resynthesis,’” Modernism/Modernity 15, no. 1 (2015): 14.

  4. 4.

    Griffin, “Modernity,” 16–19; Pericles Lewis, Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 64–74, 210–212.

  5. 5.

    The Vargas Era evolved along three institutional phases demarcated by two new Constitutions (1934 and 1937). The latter, following a self-coup by Vargas, made the government a formal dictatorship. Known as Estado Novo, it corresponds to the period of interest in the present study (1937–1945).

  6. 6.

    In 1942, however, Vargas broke with the Axis and entered World War II on the Allies’ side. On Brazil in World War II, see Vágner C. Alves, O Brasil e a Segunda Guerra Mundial: História de um Envolvimento Forçado (Rio de Janeiro: PUC-RJ; São Paulo: Loyola, 2002).

  7. 7.

    Mônica P. Velloso, “Os Intelectuais e a Política Cultural do Estado Novo,” Revista de Sociologia e Política 9 (1997): 57.

  8. 8.

    Mônica P. Velloso, “A Brasilidade Verde-Amarela: Nacionalismo e Regionalismo Paulista,” Estudos Históricos 6, no. 11 (1993): 92.

  9. 9.

    José Chasin, Integralismo de Plínio Salgado: Forma de Regressividade no Capitalismo Hipertardio (São Paulo: Livraria Editora Ciência Humanas, 1978), 178–183.

  10. 10.

    Velloso, “Brasilidade Verde-Amarela,” 93–94, 96–97. On this, see, e.g., Maria I.M.B. Pinto, “‘Urbes Industrializada’: O Modernismo e a Paulicéia como Ícone da Brasilidade,” Revista Brasileira de História 21, no. 42 (2001): 433–455; Cipriano Garcia, “Mário de Andrade e o Conceito de Nacionalismo na Música” (MA diss., University of São Paulo, 2011), 51.

  11. 11.

    Pau-brasil is the common name of Paubrasilia echinata (Lam.) (Gagnon, H.C. Lima & G.P. Lewis 2016) the national tree of Brazil. According to a version, the country’s very name was taken from this tree.

  12. 12.

    Anderson P. da Silva, “Mário & Oswald: Uma História Privada do Modernismo” (PhD diss., Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 2006), 38–45 et seq.

  13. 13.

    On reactions to the Pau Brasil Manifesto, see José E. de. Barros, “O Modernismo Integralista nos Romances ‘O Esperado’ e ‘O Estrangeiro’ de Plínio Salgado” (PhD diss., Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 2006); Velloso, “Brasilidade Verde-Amarela,” 97; Lorenna R.Z. El-Dine, “Ensaio e Intepretação do Brasil no Modernismo Verde-Amarelo (1926–1929),” Estudos Históricos 32, no. 67 (2019): 452; El-Dine, “A Alma e a Forma do Brasil: O Modernismo Paulista em Verde-Amarelo (Anos 1920)” (PhD diss., Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 2017), 6–70.

  14. 14.

    Bernardo Ricupero, “O ‘Original’ e a ‘Cópia’ na Antropofagia,” Sociologia & Antropologia 8, no. 3 (2018): 875; Daryle Williams, Culture Wars in Brazil: The First Vargas Regime, 1030–1945 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), 42.

  15. 15.

    El-Dine, “Ensaio e Interpretação,” 465; Helaine N. Queiroz, “Antropófago e Nhengaçu Verdeamarelo: Dois Manifestos em Busca da Identidade Nacional Brasileira,” in Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História – ANPUH, ed. Marieta de Moraes Ferreira (São Paulo, July 2011), accessed September 16, 2020, http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/site/anaiscomplementares, http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1308167440_ARQUIVO_ArtigoAhpuh2011(2).pdf. On the choice of the tapir symbol, see Plínio Salgado’s explanation in Mário de Andrade, A Lição do Amigo: Cartas de Mário de Andrade a Carlos Drummond de Andrade (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2015), letter no. 35, note 13. See also Williams, Culture Wars, 42.

  16. 16.

    Term Bandeira here does not have its common connotation as “flag”, but alludes to a seventeenth-century movement, that of the bandeirantes, explorers from São Paulo who, travelling across the interior of Brazil, eventually discovered gold in the province (now state) of Minas Gerais. On the Bandeira movement, “O Martim Cererê em Marcha: Os ‘Novos Bandeirantes’ em Defesa das Fronteiras Espirituais da Nácão.” Monções 1, no. 1 (2014): 56–71.

  17. 17.

    Williams, Culture Wars, 42.

  18. 18.

    It is worth noticing that until the end of the 1920s, Brazilian modernists kept away from the government, but represented an expression of the haute bourgeoisie that had lost its wealth as a result of the Great Depression. This situation changed with the rise of Getúlio Vargas, when many intellectuals and artists found a place within the government. See Williams, Culture Wars, 42.

  19. 19.

    Williams, Culture Wars, 70.

  20. 20.

    Williams, Culture Wars, 79–81. On Capanema’s term as minister of education, see Simon Schwartzman, Helena M. B. Bomeny and Vanda M. R. Costa, Tempos de Capanema (São Paulo: Paz e Terra; Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 2000). On Lourival Fontes, see Aldenise C. Santos and Anthony F.T. Santana, “A Alquimia do Poder: Lourival Fontes e Suas. Configurações Políticas,” in VI Simpósio Nacional Estado e Poder: Cultura (Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010), 10 p., n.p.n. Accessed September 16, 2020, https://www.historia.uff.br/estadoepoder/6snepc/Principal.html | https://www.historia.uff.br/estadoepoder/6snepc/GT12/GT12-ALDENISE.pdf.

  21. 21.

    See Brazil, Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Decree-Law no. 93 (December 21, 1937), signed by Vargas, accessed September 17, 2020, https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/declei/1930-1939/decreto-lei-93-21-dezembro-1937-350842-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html.

  22. 22.

    This committee was composed of “Brazilians with remarkable knowledge,” the director of the National Library, the director of the Casa de Rui Barbosa cultural foundation, and the president of the Catholic Action. See Ricardo Oiticica, “Tortuosas Linhas: Un Histórico do Instituto Nacional do Livro,” Anais da Biblioteca Nacional 116 (1996), 49. Jeff Loveland discusses several encyclopedias in recent centuries which were seen by governments as national symbols, even when not originally published as such. Conversely, the number of encyclopedias made upon governments’ requests is rather small. See Jeff Loveland, The European Encyclopedia from 1650 to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 81–88.

  23. 23.

    The Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere and arti, initially edited by Giovanni Treccani (1877–1961), had its first edition published from 1929 through 1936, making for a total of 35 volumes, and 37 volumes were added 1938–2015. While seen by many as a cultural emblem of the fascist period, it also included many non- and even anti-fascist contributors. For further information, see Gabriele Turi, “Ideologia e cultura del fascismo nello specchio dell ‘Enciclopedia Italiana,” Studi Storici 20, no. 1 (1979): 157–211.

  24. 24.

    Then governed by António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970), the power behind an authoritarian, autocratic, and corporatist regime also known as Estado Novo (1933–1974).

  25. 25.

    Lawrence Hallewell, O Livro no Brasil: Sua História (São Paulo: EDUSP, 1985), 313.

  26. 26.

    Mariana R. Tavares, “Un Brasil Inapreensível: História dos Projetos da Enciclopédia Brasileira do Instituto Nacional do Livro” (MA diss., Fluminense Federal University, 2016), 44.

  27. 27.

    Tavares, “Un Brasil Inapreensível,” 45.

  28. 28.

    Meyer (1902–1970), a journalist and writer, later a member of the Brazilian Academies of Literature and Philology, played a significant role in the spread of the Modernist movement outside São Paulo. For further information, see Leandro Pasini, “O Prisma dos Grupos: A Difusão Nacional do Modernismo e a Poesia de Augusto Meyer,” O Eixo e a Roda 25, no. 2 (2016): 177–199.

  29. 29.

    According to Jacobina Lacombe, the editor of the only volume of Silveira’s encyclopedia ever published, by this time the number of records had increased to about 100,000. See J. Gabriel Sant’ana, “Alarico Silveira,” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo 78 (1982): 315.

  30. 30.

    See Sant’ana, “Alarico Silveira”; Emerson Tin, “‘Não Há Nada Mais Raro na Vida do que um Companheiro’: Cartas de Monteiro Lobato a Alarico Silveira,” Argumento 7, no. 13 (2005): 105–116; “Silveira, Alarico da,” Centre of Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil (CPDOC), accessed September 16, 2020, https://cpdoc.fgv.br/sites/default/files/verbetes/primeira-republica/SILVEIRA,%20Alarico%20da.pdf.

  31. 31.

    Sant’ana, “Alarico Silveira,” 316.

  32. 32.

    Américo J. Lacombe, “Prefácio,” in Alarico Silveira, Enciclopédia Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1958), vol. 1: xiii.

  33. 33.

    Letter from Augusto Meyer to Mário de Andrade (May 20, 1938), transcribed in Tavares, “Brasil Inapreensível,” 55.

  34. 34.

    Letter from Meyer to de Andrade (May 28, 1938), transcribed in Tavares, “Brasil Inapreensível,” 57–58.

  35. 35.

    Ricardo Oiticica, “O Instituto Nacional do Livro e as Ditaduras: Academia Brasileira dos Rejeitados” (PhD diss., Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 1997); Adriana F.G. Amaral, “Uma Enciclopédia à Brasileira: o Projeto Ilustrado de Mário de Andrade,” Estudos Históricos 24 (1999): 399–400. For further information, see Dalton Sala, “Mario de Andrade e o Anteprojeto do Serviço do Patrimônio Artístico Nacional,” Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros 31 (1990): 19–26.

  36. 36.

    This was the conclusion of a committee established by Capanema in 1936, following analysis of the main international encyclopedias. See Ana L. Soares and Eduardo H.B. de Vasconcelos, “A Enciclopédia Brasileira no Âmbito das Políticas Públicas para a Cultura e a Educação no Estado Novo,” in Anais do VI Seminário Internacional de Políticas Culturais (Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, 2015), 161–170.

  37. 37.

    For a chronology of the correspondence between Capanema and Mário de Andrade, see Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 126–127. A part of the correspondence is transcribed in Schwartzman, Bomeny, and Costa, Tempos de Capanema. For further detail, see Suely B. Silva, “O Instituto Nacional do Livro e a Institucionalização de Organismos Culturais no Estado Novo (1937–1945): Planos, Ideias e Realizações” (MA diss., Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

  38. 38.

    Marcelo B.P. Santos, “Viagens de Mário de Andrade: A Construção Cultural do Brasil” (PhD diss., Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, 2012), 52–54.

  39. 39.

    In 1927 and 1928/9, respectively, these became known as “Ethnographic Trips I and II.” On the impact of these journeys on Andrade’s later work, see Santos, “Viagens de Mário de Andrade,” 71 et seq.

  40. 40.

    Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 9–10; Amaral, “Uma Enciclopédia à Brasileira,” 395–396.

  41. 41.

    See Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 123–125; Amaral, “Uma Enciclopédia à Brasileira,” 398–399; Tavares, “Brasil Inapreensível,” 53–54. See also Paulo Duarte, Mário de Andrade por Ele Mesmo (São Paulo: Hucitec, 1985); Roberto Barbato Jr., Misionários de uma Utopia Nacional Popular: Intelectuais e o Departamento de Cultura (São Paulo: Annablume; FAPESP, 2004).

  42. 42.

    Amaral, “Uma Enciclopédia à Brasileira,” 399.

  43. 43.

    There are hints that Augusto Meyer was aware of Andrade’s interest in dictionaries and encyclopedias since at least 1930. However, his work overload as a cultural manager in São Paulo did not leave Andrade time for these endeavors. See Tavares, “Brasil Inapreensível,” 53; Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 123; Marcus V. C. Carvalho, “O Instituto Nacional do Livro e os Modernistas: Questões para a História da Educação Brasileira,” Cadernos de História da Educação 11, no. 2 (2012): 553–554; Flávia C. Toni, “Introdução,” in Mário de Andrade, A Enciclopédia Brasileira (São Paulo: EDUSP, 1993), xix–xx.

  44. 44.

    The government not only fired Andrade, but also falsely accused him of fraud. Much distressed, Andrade felt he could no longer remain in São Paulo. See Tavares, “Brasil Inapreensível,” 54; Amaral, “Uma Enciclopédia à Brasileira,” 399.

  45. 45.

    Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 110.

  46. 46.

    For an interesting study of Andrade’s personal library by the curator of his papers at IEB/USP, see Telê A. Lopez, “Mário de Andrade Leitor e Escritor: Uma Abordagem de Sua Biblioteca e de Sua Marginalia,” Escritos (Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa) 5 (2013): 53–76. Special mention should be made of Andrade’s account of his travels in Mário de Andrade, O Turista Aprendiz, ed. Telê A. Lopez and Tatiana L. Figueiredo (Brasilia: IPHAN, 2015).

  47. 47.

    Currently deposited at the Institute of Brazilian Studies, University of São Paulo (IEB/USP).

  48. 48.

    Toni, “Introdução,” xix–xx; Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 109; Rosângela A. Paula, “O Expressionismo na Biblioteca de Mário de Andrade: Da Leitura à Criação” (PhD diss., University of São Paulo, 2007), 8–12; Tatiana L. Figueiredo, “As Primeiras Fichas do Modernista Mário de Andrade,” Remate de Males 33, no. 1/2 (2013): 245–254.

  49. 49.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-048:5704–5709.

  50. 50.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-048:5711–5718.

  51. 51.

    This categorization of eugenics might look odd to contemporary scholars, and more particularly as an interest of a free and democratic spirit such as Andrade’s. This is not the place to enter into an extensive discussion of the subject, to which we have devoted considerable attention elsewhere. We will just observe that eugenics was created at the end of the nineteenth century as a science to improve the hereditary stock of humankind, within the debate on nature versus nurture, without intentionally racist connotations in its origin. Modern biostatics, genetic counselling, and healthy childcare, for instance, are all offshoots of eugenics. See, e.g., Silvia Waisse, “MBE: Medicina Baseada em… Eugenia? Origens da Bioestatística Moderna como Ferramenta ao Serviço da Melhora da Raça,” in Eugenia e História: Ciência, Educação e Regionalidades, ed. André Mota and Maria G.S.M.C. Marinho (São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Universidade Federal, 2013), 17–36.

  52. 52.

    On this, see Ana M. Alfonso-Goldfarb, Silvia Waisse, and Márcia H.M. Ferraz, “From Shelves to Cyberspace: Organization of Knowledge and the Complex Identity of History of Science,” Isis 104, no. 3 (2013): 552–554.

  53. 53.

    See the “Système figuré des connaissances humaines” in Denis Diderot, [Prospectus:] Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (Paris: Le Breton et al., 1750).

  54. 54.

    Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond D’Alembert, ed., Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, Vol. 5 (Paris: Le Breton et al., 1755), 491–498.

  55. 55.

    This idea, however, proved to be unfeasible, because the sciences had undergone so much change since the first edition of the Encyclopédie had been published. See George B. Watts, “The Encyclopédie méthodique,” PMLA 73, no. 4 (1958): 349. On the various editions of the Encyclopédie, including its reorganization as Encyclopédie méthodique, see Ana M. Alfonso-Goldfarb, Márcia H.M. Ferraz, and Silvia Waisse, “Crossing over Time: The Place of Chemical Studies in Early Modern Trees of Knowledge,” in Crossing Oceans: Exchange of Products, Instruments, Procedures and Ideas in the History of Chemistry and Related Sciences, ed. Ana M. Alfonso-Goldfarb et al. (Campinas: CLE, 2015), 21–22.

  56. 56.

    Martin Frické, Logic and Organization of Information (New York: Springer, 2012), 113–114.

  57. 57.

    Against received views, Oiticica convincingly shows that the main reason for the dismissal of Andrade’s project was its democratic, flexible, and pluralistic approach to brasilidade, which made it into something like the opposite of the ideology of the Estado Novo. Andrade was fully aware of the situation when he sent the project draft to Capanema. See Oiticica, “Instituto Nacional do Livro,” 150.

  58. 58.

    The first version “Ante-projeto do Plano Básico da Enciclopédia Brasileira,” is currently deposited at IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-043:056–086; the second appeared in Observador Econômico e Financeiro 48 (January 1940): 31–37; the third was published in Andrade, A Enciclopédia Brasileira.

  59. 59.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 10–12.

  60. 60.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-043:030.

  61. 61.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-043:044.

  62. 62.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, MA-MMA-043:037; see also, Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 26–32.

  63. 63.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 40–42.

  64. 64.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 42.

  65. 65.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 43.

  66. 66.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 43–44.

  67. 67.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 45.

  68. 68.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 46.

  69. 69.

    IEB/USP, Arquivo Mário de Andrade, Manuscripts, “Comitê de Redação e Controle,” MA-MMA-043:040.

  70. 70.

    Andrade, Enciclopédia Brasileira, 20.

  71. 71.

    Edith P. Pinto, A Gramatiquinha de Mário de Andrade: Texto e Contexto (São Paulo: Duas Cidades; Secretaria de Estado de Cultura, 1990), 322.

  72. 72.

    For instance, Tavares goes so far as to suggest that since INL had been created for the exclusive purpose of producing a Brazilian encyclopedia, its completion would mean the end of the Institute. Concerned with the future of their jobs, Meyer and several others might have spared no efforts to sabotage the project. See Mariana R. Tavares, “Uma Nação de Livros: Análise sobre os Projetos Editoriais Nacionalistas do Instituto Nacional do Livro e do Instituto Caro y Cuervo,” in Anais do XI Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC (Niterói, 2014), 17 p., accessed September 16, 2020, http://antigo.anphlac.org/xi-encontro, http://antigo.anphlac.org/sites/default/files/Mariana%20Rodrigues%20Tavares.pdf.

  73. 73.

    The main objective of modern bibliographical classification, starting at the turn of the twentieth century, was to provide theoretical grounds for classification practice, as is evident, e.g., in the work of Charles W. Shields (1825–1904), Robert Flint (1838–1910), and Ernest C. Richardson (1860–1939). See Charles W. Shields, The Order of the Sciences: An Essay on the Philosophical Classification and Organization of Human Knowledge (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892).

  74. 74.

    See, e.g., Wayne A. Wiegand, “The ‘Amherst Method’: The Origins of Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme,” Libraries and Culture 33 (1998): 175–194.

  75. 75.

    As for instance the radical injunction by Kaiser (in 1911) to “try to dissociate information from literature, we do not want books, we want information, and although this information is contained in books, it should be looked upon as quite a different material […] We shall take literature to pieces and rearrange the pieces systematically,” in J. Kaiser, Systematic Indexing (London: Pitman & Sons, 1911), §86, §16. On facet classification, see Vanda Broughton, “Brian Vickery and the Classification Research Group: The Legacy of Faceted Classification,” in Facets of Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the Second National ISKO UK Conference, ed. Alan Gilchrist and Judi Vernau (Emerald: London, 2012), 315–326, accessed September 17, 2020, https://event-archive.iskouk.org/sites/default/files/ISKOUK-2011_VandaBroughton.pdf; Clare Beghtol, “From the Universe of Knowledge to the Universe of Concepts: The Structural Revolution in Classification for Information Retrieval,” Axiomathes 18 (2008): 131–144; M.P. Satija, “Relationships in Ranganathan’s Colon Classification,” in Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, ed. Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green (Dordrecht: Springer, 2001), 199–210; Claudio Gnoli, “Facets: A Fruitful Notion in Many Domains,” Axiomathes 18 (2008), 127–130.

  76. 76.

    The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) made ground-breaking statements in this regard. See OECD, Interdisciplinarity: Problems of Teaching and Research in Universities (Washington, DC: OECD, 1972), and The University and the Community: The Problems of Changing Relationships (Paris: OECD, 1982).

  77. 77.

    On classification according to alphabetical order, known at least since Ptolemy’s time in Alexandria, see John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1985), 21.

References

Archival Resources

  • Institute of Brazilian Studies, University of São Paulo (IEB/USP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb, Márcia H. M. Ferraz, Elaine Pereira de Souza & Silvia Waisse

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  1. Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb
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  2. Márcia H. M. Ferraz
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  3. Elaine Pereira de Souza
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Correspondence to Ana Maria Alfonso-Goldfarb .

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  1. Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Linn Holmberg

  2. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

    Maria Simonsen

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Alfonso-Goldfarb, A.M., Ferraz, M.H.M., de Souza, E.P., Waisse, S. (2021). The Brazilian Encyclopedia: A Stranded Dream. In: Holmberg, L., Simonsen, M. (eds) Stranded Encyclopedias, 1700–2000. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64300-3_7

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