Abstract
Stories of successful works have often dominated the history of Scandinavian encyclopedias. This is understandable given the rich encyclopedia tradition that characterizes the Scandinavian book market. Among the publications within this tradition, one encyclopedia stands out in particular. By being in print for more than sixty years, Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon had a special impact on the development of the genre in both Denmark and Norway. From 1891 to the second half of the 1950s, the influential family company J.H. Schultz published various editions of the encyclopedia. For years, it was considered one of the most important knowledge forums for the well-educated in the Scandinavian countries. Scattered among histories of great publications, we also find another and often overlooked storyline, namely the history of the unsuccessful or the incomplete—the stranded encyclopedia. In this chapter, Maria Simonsen explores a number of stranded Danish encyclopedias—printed as well as digital—and thereby gives new insights into the long history of the Danish encyclopedia tradition. Throughout her study, Simonsen argues that regardless of time and space, and no matter what media you publish in—print or digital—there are some obstacles and challenges for the encyclopedic genre that are universal.
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Notes
- 1.
The Scandinavian encyclopedia tradition has occupied researchers for many years. In particular, the period up to 1950 is well described, while the recent history of the Scandinavian encyclopedias remains to be explored. See e.g. Maria Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi: Udgivelse og udformning af Nordisk familjebok & Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon” (PhD diss., Lund University, 2016); Siv Frøydis Berg et al., eds., All verdens kunnskap: Leksikon gjennom to tusen år (Oslo: Nasjonalbiblioteket/Universitetet i Oslo, 2012); Maria Simonsen, “Schulz eller Salmonsen? Historien om Danmarks første nationalencyklopædi,” Bogvennen (2010): 64–93; Jakob Christensson, “En upplysningstida encyklopedists uppgång och fall,” Lychnos (1993): 109–149; Jakob Christensson, Lyckoriket: Studier i svensk upplysning (Stockholm: Atlantis, 1996); Jakob Christensson, “Brockhaus på svenska: P.G. Berg och Svenskt konversationslexikon,” Biblis (2005): 27–44; Jakob Christensson, “I encyklopediernas trollkrets: Om Bernhard Meijer och Nordisk familjebok,” Biblis (2005/6): 32–49; Sven Lidman, “Den svenska uppslagsboken,” Den svenska boken 500 år, ed. Harry Järv (Stockholm: Liber, 1983), 329–362; Andreas Nicolet, Encyclopædier og Konversationsleksikon gennem Tiderne (Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz, 1946); Sigmund Carlsen, All verdens viten: Litt om leksika gjennom tiderne (Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co [W. Nygaard], 1968). See also note 10.
- 2.
In the database “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi”, I have compiled an overview of all published encyclopedias in Denmark and Sweden for the period 1870–1970. The database is located in the Svensk Nationell Datatjänst, SND. https://snd.gu.se/sv.
- 3.
Jeff Loveland, The European Encyclopedia: From 1650 to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 1.
- 4.
The Salmonsen was published in five different editions: Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon: en nordisk Encyklopædi, 1st edn. (1891–1911), Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2nd edn. (1915–1930), Den Lille Salmonsen, 3rd edn. (1937–1940), and Den Nye Salmonsen, 4th edn. (1949). Besides the encyclopedias in book form, the Salmonsen was also published as a journal, Salmonsens Leksikon-Tidsskrift (1941–1956). In the chapter, I refer to the different editions of the Salmonsen encyclopedia as well as other Danish encyclopedias with their Danish titles.
- 5.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 105, 155–156.
- 6.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 105, 151–155.
- 7.
For a definition and explanation of the notions of stranded and strandedness, see Linn Holmberg, “Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias?” in the present volume.
- 8.
“Gyldendal lukker encyklopædien på nettet,” Politiken, August 24, 2017; “Den Store Danske må lukke, men…,” Politiken, August 28, 2017; “Leksikonet denstoredanske.dk lukkes,” Press Release, Gyldendal, August 24, 2017. All references to Danish newspapers are from The Royal Danish Library’s Media Collections (Mediestream.dk) http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/ with the exception of Politiken which has its own archive: https://politiken.dk/arkiv/.
- 9.
Although digital encyclopedias can remedy weaknesses of print encyclopedias, for example in relation to updating articles, challenges have surfaced, including lack of revenue for commercial publishers and the work involved in keeping articles up-to-date. For more on the debate, see “Da alverdens viden blev allemandseje,” Kristeligt Dagblad, January 14, 2011; “Gyldendal opgiver Den Store Danske Encyklopædi på nettet,” Politiken, August 25, 2017.
- 10.
The history of these stranded encyclopedias is briefly described in my PhD dissertation “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi”; in Hans Hertel, Litteraturens vaneforbrydere: Kritikere, forlæggere og lystlæsere gennem 150 år (Copenhagen: Foreningen for Boghaandværk 1990), 184, and in Axel Andersen, Veje til Viden: Håndbog i informationsvidenskab (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1996), 157–161, the publishing project is briefly described as well, while in Jørgen Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” in Danske opslagsværker, vol. 5, ed. Axel Andersen (Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gad, 1970), 5–35, there is a lecture by the former editor Jørgen Bang about planning Den Store Salmonsen. The lecture, however, took place on November 24, 1969, two years before Gyldendal decided to close the project, and Bang only provides information on the planning. This study is the first to examine the overall history of Den Store Salmonsen on the basis of archival records that have not previously been available (see the subchapter “Den Store Salmonsen” in the present study).
- 11.
My study of Danish encyclopedias is especially inspired by the work of Robert Darnton, notably “What Is the History of Books?” Daedalus 111, no. 3 (1982): 65–83; Darnton, “What Is the History of Books? Revisited,” Modern Intellectual History 4, no. 3 (2007): 495–508; Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979).
- 12.
This study is based on archival material from the Media Museum in Odense, and the private archives of Torben Frandsen, Jørgen Stubgaard, and Peter Kühn-Nielsen. In 2020, the material from these private archives (and in a few cases copies of the original material) was handed over to me, Maria Simonsen, who since then own and preserve the collection. To supplement this archival material, I interviewed several former employees from the editorial office of Gyldendal: Torben Frandsen, Jørgen Stubgaard, Karin Sandvad, and Ib Michael Rasmussen, as well as the former director of the Schultz publishing house, Ole Trock-Jansen. I want to thank them all for agreeing to contribute to this study. Without you, the story of Den Store Salmonsen would probably never have been told.
- 13.
Lauritz Nielsen, Den danske bog: Forsøg til en dansk boghistorie fra den ældste tid til nutiden (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel/Nordisk Forlag, 1941), 176.
- 14.
The changing publishers in the Schultz firm had similar names, which can be confusing when describing the history of the publishing house. Because F.H. Schultz is at the center of the narrative, I will refer to the others as the father of F.H. Schultz (Jens Niels Nicolai Hostrup Schultz, 1812–1888), his grandfather (Jens Nicolai Hostrup, 1782–1449), and his great-grandfather (Johan Frederik Schultz, 1756–1817). See Nordisk Boghandlertidende, 27, July 5, 1895; Andreas Dolleris, Danmarks Boghandlere: En personalhistorisk Haandbog, vol. 1 (Odense: Milo’ske Bogtrykkeri, 1912), 308.
- 15.
Aleks. Frøland, Dansk boghandels historie 1482 til 1945 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1974), 151.
- 16.
Harald Ilsøe, Bogtrykkerne i København ca. 1600–1810 (Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Bibliotek/Museum Tusculaum Forlag, 1992), 162–163, 186–187; Jørgen Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz: Bogtrykkeri og forlag i 300 år, 1661–1961 (Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz, 1961), 32; Klaus Bruhn Jensen, Dansk mediehistorie, vols. 1–3 (Copenhagen: Samleren, 1996–1997).
- 17.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 79; Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz, 35–37.
- 18.
Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz, 35.
- 19.
Archives of the Royal House, Ordenskapitlet, Copenhagen, Frederik Hostrup Schultz, Levnedsbeskrivelse, April 14, 1886; Dansk Bogtrykker-Tidende, July 22, 1895, 367–368.
- 20.
V. Hostrup-Schultz, Familien Hostrup fra Mariager (Copenhagen: N.C. Roms Bog- & Sten trykkeri, 1929), 86: “for formentlig Misligheder ved Leverancen af Papir til Staten.” From here on, all translations from Danish to English are my own.
- 21.
Hostrup-Schultz, Familien Hostrup fra Mariager, 86; Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz, 35–37.
- 22.
Lauritz Nielsen, Gyldendal gennem 175 Aar (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel/Nordisk Forlag, 1945), 127.
- 23.
Frøland, Dansk boghandels historie, 240–241; Otte Andersen, Tidsbilleder fra boghandelens verden (Copenhagen: P. Haase & Søns Forlag, 1965), 64.
- 24.
Hans Hertel, Den daglige bog: Bøger, formidlere og læsere i Danmark gennem 500 år (Copenhagen: Foreningen for Boghaandværk 1983), 44.
- 25.
Hertel, Den daglige bog, 41.
- 26.
Hertel, Den daglige bog, 44.
- 27.
“For alle hjem!!,” Advertisement for Allers illustrerede Konversationsleksikon, Politiken, September 25, 1892.
- 28.
There exist several different versions of the story of how this encyclopedia originated. Some attribute a major role to the publisher Isaac Salmonsen (1846–1910), while other gives Stange a key role. See, e.g., Frøland, Dansk boghandels historie, 229, or Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz, 46–47. In my dissertation, I conclude that it is not possible to give credit to just a single person. See Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 70–74.
- 29.
Andersen, Veje til viden, 152–153.
- 30.
In the latter half of the 1600s, the government official Mathias Moth worked on a Danish “real-lexicon” on geography and medicine, while the priest Laurits Michael Frølund tried to translate both Louis Moréri’s Grand dictionnaire historique, ou Le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane (1674) and Pierre Bayle’s Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697) into Danish. See “Konversationleksikon,” Nordisk Leksikon for Bogvæsen, vol. 1 (1951), 541–542.
- 31.
Nicolet, Encyclopædier.
- 32.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 67–68.
- 33.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 77.
- 34.
Dansk Bogtrykker-Tidende, July 22 (1885): 367–368; Bang, Fra Godiche til Schultz, 41–43.
- 35.
With the establishment of Den store Skolekommission (“The School Commission”) in 1789, a reformation of the Danish school system began, which gradually increased the educational level of the population. With the School Act of 1814, Denmark became the first country in the world to mandate schooling on a national level, and an institutionalization of the school system was implemented. The education requirement applied from the age of six or seven until the age of confirmation, typically. See Christian Larsen, Erik Nørr og Pernille Sonne, ‘Da skolen tog form, 1780–1850,’ in Dansk skolehistorie: hverdag, vilkår og visioner gennem 500 år, eds. Charlotte Appel and Ning de Coninck-Smith, vol. 2 (Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2013), 127–214; Henrik Horstbøll, Menigmands medie: Det folkelige bogtryk i Danmark 1500–1840 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 1999).
- 36.
See the database “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” SND: https://snd.gu.se/sv.
- 37.
The Carlsberg Foundation became a crucial element in the project’s financial sustainability. According to the former director, Ole Trock Jansen, F.H. Schultz went to the Carlsberg Foundation and asked for a loan to fund the project on the condition that he repay the loan “penny by penny” as the subscribers’ payments were received. Interview with Ole Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 38.
Ole Feldbæk, Tiden 1730–1814: Danmarks historie, vol. 4 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1982); Vang Skovgaard-Petersen, Tiden 1814–1864: Danmarks historie, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1985).
- 39.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 66. See also Jeff Loveland’s discussion on enyclopedias and nationalism in Loveland, The European Encyclopedia, 81–90.
- 40.
Hostrup-Schultz, Familien Hostrup fra Mariager, 90; Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 7.
- 41.
“Forord,” in Blangstrup, Salmonsens Store illustrerede Konversationsleksikon, vol. 1 (1893); Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 7; Archives of the Royal House, Ordenskapitlet, Copenhagen, Christian Blangstrup, Levnedsbeskrivelse, September 1902; Archives of the Royal House, Ordenskapitlet, Copenhagen, Isaac Salmonsen, Levnedsbeskrivelse, March 3, 1909.
- 42.
Berlingske Tidende, July 14, 1891; Politiken, July 14, 1891.
- 43.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 102–105.
- 44.
Unfortunately, it has not been possible to find any information in the extant records regarding the cost of the first two editions or the profit that the publishing house made. But what we do know is that it was a huge success for the publishing house J.H. Schultz and that this was the reason why the firm continued to publish various editions of the encyclopedia until the late 1950s. We also know that F.H. Schultz had several business partners among the prosperous bourgeoisie in Copenhagen and that, as mentioned above, he applied for a loan from the Carlsberg Foundation. Last but not least, the number of employees and print runs provides a hint about how much the publisher invested in the project. All things considered; everything suggests that Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon was a profitable business for the publishing house over the years. See Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 95–98.
- 45.
Besides the standard edition, J.H. Schultz published a luxury edition. However, the print run is unknown. During my research, I have only found two copies: one in Margrethe II’s library in Copenhagen, and one which is privately owned by the family of the former director of the Schultz publishing house (Schultz Information), Ole Trock-Jansen. Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 46.
Dansk Bogtrykker-Tidende, July 22 (1895): 367–368.
- 47.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 101–102.
- 48.
See the database “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” SND, https://snd.gu.se/sv.
- 49.
Berlingske Aftenavis, October 1, 1937; Information, December 12, 1949; Nationaltidende, January 22, 1950.
- 50.
Royal Danish Library, The Collection of Pamphlets and Corporate Publications, “Noget helt nyt”, February 21, 1941.
- 51.
Royal Danish Library, The Collection of Pamphlets and Corporate Publications, “Pressen om S.L.T”.
- 52.
See also Loveland, The European Encyclopedia, 333–340.
- 53.
Loveland, The European Encyclopedia, 335.
- 54.
“Dag til dag,” Politiken, June 29, 1956.
- 55.
Information, April 4, 1963; Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 56.
Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 57.
“Forlag vil genoplive Salmonsens leksikon,” Politiken, February 6, 1964: “Vi føler det som en forpligtelse at lave det leksikon.”
- 58.
Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 59.
“Forlag vil genoplive Salmonsens leksikon,” Politiken, February 6, 1964.
- 60.
Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015.
- 61.
Simonsen, “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi,” 186–187.
- 62.
An overview of all published encyclopedias in Denmark and Sweden in the period 1870–1970 shows that Gyldendal never published any encyclopedias that exceeded 8 volumes. See “Den skandinaviske encyklopædi”; SND, https://snd.gu.se/sv.
- 63.
“Salmonsen skal ud i en ny udgave til 20 mill. Kroner,” Politiken, January 13, 1967; Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 16.
- 64.
Børsen, January 13, 1967; Land og Folk, January 21, 1967; Berlingske Aftenavis, January 23, 1967; Fynsk Aktuelt, January 24, 1967; Aktuelt, January 24, 1967; Aktuelt, February 7, 1967; Demokraten, February 14, 1967; Børsen, August 29, 1967; Information, February 5, 1968; Berlingske Tidende, February 4, 1968; Berlingske Tidende, February 9, 1968; Næstved Tidende, September 23, 1970.
- 65.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 66.
Aktuelt, February 7, 1967.
- 67.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 68.
Interview with Trock-Jansen, June 29, 2015; Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 16; Information, February 5, 1968; Berlingske Tidende, February 4, 1968.
- 69.
Interview with Jørgen Stubgaard, February 6, 2020.
- 70.
Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 30. According to an article in the Danish newspaper Politiken from 1971, the number of employees was around forty-five, and in the period from 1967 to 1971, nine hundred authors were associated with the project. “Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 71.
Interview with Ib Michael, February 11, 2020: “Livet på redaktionen var præget af kammeratskab mellem fagredaktører og studenterhjælpere. Et meget inspirerende miljø, og der blev arbejdet selvstændigt og ikke holdt streng justits.”
- 72.
Interview with Stubgaard, February 6, 2020; with Karin Sandvad, February 9, 2020; and with Ib Michael, February 11, 2020.
- 73.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971; “Vi, der har arbejdet på det, betragtede det som mere end en forlagsopgave, en national opgave.”
- 74.
Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 17; Interview with Stubgaard, February 6, 2020.
- 75.
Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 5: “Det er måske lidt dristigt at ville tale om Den Store Salmonsen længe før den er kommet, men dels har sagen et historisk aspect som nok kan interessere i denne kreds, dels har vi nu arbejdet så længe med redaktionen at jeg tror jeg kan give Dem et vist indtryk af hvordan en leksikonredaktion arbejder.”
- 76.
Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 19.
- 77.
A Hollerith card, or a punch card, “is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. […] Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th century in the data processing industry, where specialized and increasingly complex unit record machines, organized into semiautomatic data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage.” For a more for detailed explanation, see “Punched card,” in Wikipedia, accessed July 2, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card.
- 78.
Aktuelt, February 7, 1967: “Vi regner med at kunne præsentere første bind […] i 1970.”
- 79.
Bang, “Den Store Salmonsen,” 34.
- 80.
Interview with Stubgaard, February 6, 2020 and with Sandvad, February 9, 2020.
- 81.
Interview with Sandvad, February 9, 2020.
- 82.
Interview with Sandvad, February 9, 2020.
- 83.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 84.
Private Archive: Jørgen Stubgaard, “Den Store Salmonsen, Vejledning for medarbejdere, 3. udkast 11/5 1969, Jørgen Bang.”
- 85.
Private Archive: Stubgaard, “Den Store Salmonsen, Vejledning for medarbejdere, 11/5 1969.”
- 86.
Private Archive: Stubgaard, “Den Store Salmonsen, Vejledning for medarbejdere, 11/5 1969”: “men det må understreges at det både m.h.t. indhold og sproglig form er helt nye fremstillinger der ønskes.”
- 87.
Aktuelt, February 7, 1967; Morgenavisen Jyllandsposten, October 17, 1969; Aarhuus Stifts-Tidende, November 9, 1969; Berlingske Aftenavis, March 20, 1970; Information, June 6, 1970; Berlingske Tidende, September 20, 1970; Fyens Stiftstidende, September 23, 1970; Næstved Tidende, September 23 1970; Aarhuus Stift-Tidende, September 24, 1970; Aktuelt, September 25, 1970.
- 88.
Interview with Ib Michael, February 11, 2020.
- 89.
The Media Museum, August Grandjeans Arkiv, “Skabelon af indbinding med titel i guld af August Grand Jean”.
- 90.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 91.
Interview with Stubgaard, February 6, 2020: “at nu havde man brugt 5 mio. kr. og bind 1 var endnu ikke udkommet!”
- 92.
Interview with Stubgaard February 6, 2020.
- 93.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 94.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken March 7, 1971: “Det er trist, at Danmark ikke har råd til et sådant værk […]. Vi, der har arbejdet på det, betragtede det som mere end en forlagsopgave, – en national opgave.”
- 95.
Aalborg Stiftstidende, August 8, 1971; Aarhuus Stifts-Tidende, October 8, 1971.
- 96.
“Gyldendal droppede Salmonsen,” Politiken, March 7, 1971.
- 97.
“Dansk leksikon med farvefotos,” Politiken, January 1, 1970.
- 98.
Hertel, Litteraturens vaneforbrydere, 183–184; Information, August 6, 1982.
- 99.
Hertel, Den daglige bog, 45–46.
- 100.
Hertel, Den daglige bog, 45–46: “I dag er Salmonsen et begreb, og vi er tilbøjelige til at betragte den type opslagsværker som en selvfølge, naturfænomener dumpet ned fra himlen eller aflejret moræner. Sandheden er at de snarere er pyramider, skabt ved hårdt slid og dumdristig optimisme. Monumenter over en nu uddød leksikontradition.”
- 101.
Berlingske Aften, November 21, 1986: “Det er rørende, men naivt.”
- 102.
Interview with Torben Frandsen, May 11, 2015: “Hvis svenskerne kan, så kan vi også!”
- 103.
Maria Simonsen, “(Bog)sidens manifestationer: Et boghistorisk studie af informations- og kundskabsidealer i tre danske encyklopædier,” TEMP: tidsskrift for historie 14 (2017): 127–150.
- 104.
Volumes 1–20 were published from 1994 to 2001. In 2002, a supplementary volume and two index volumes were published, and a second supplementary volume was published in 2006.
- 105.
“Wikipedia,” accessed July 2, 2020, https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia.
- 106.
In addition to the works mentioned above, the digital platform included Danmarks Oldtid, Naturen i Danmark and Gyldendals Teaterleksikon.
- 107.
“Den Store Danske må lukke, men…,” Politiken, August 28, 2017; “Flere forlag vil forsøge at redde Den Store Danske,” Kristelig Dagblad, August 31, 2017; “Den Store Danske overlever, men i en amputeret udgave,” Jyllands-Posten, November 30, 2017.
- 108.
“Kulturministeren: Lukning af Den Store Danske Encyklopædi skal ikke være en statsopgave,” Politiken, August 29, 2017; “Usædvanligt tværpolitisk initiativ skal sikre danskernes adgang til troværdig oplysning,” Berlingske Tidende, September 4, 2019.
- 109.
“Den Store Danske nedlægges,” Press release, Gyldendal, August 24, 2017; “Gyldendal dropper nedlæggelsen af Den Store Danske,” MediaWatch, November 30, 2017.
- 110.
Lex.dk, accessed July 2, 2020, https://om.lex.dk/Stiftende_generalforsamling.
References
Archival Resources
The Danish National Archives, Copenhagen.
Familiearkiv: Schultz, Marie Charlotte Elisabeth Lilla Hostrup, født Rönckendorff.
Royal Danish Library, Copenhagen. The Collection of Pamphlets and Corporate Publications.
Bogvæsen. Boghandel & forlag. Brødrene Salmonsen (Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon).
Bogvæsen. Boghandel & forlag Schultz.
The Media Museum, Odense.
August Grandjeans Arkiv.
Archives of the Royal House, Ordenskapitlet, Copenhagen.
Levnedsbeskrivelser: Frederik Hostrup Schultz, April 4, 1886; Christian Blangstrup, September 1902; Isaac Salmonsen, March 3, 1908.
The Author’s Private Archive.
Jørgen Stubgaard, Peter Kühn Nielsen, Torben Frandsen. The archive material (in a few cases copies of the original material) has now been handed over to Maria Simonsen who preserves the collection.
Interviews with Ole Trock-Jansen, former director of Schultz Publishing house (Schultz Information), June 29, 2015; Jørgen Stubgaard, former editor of Den Store Salmonsen, February 6, 2020; Karin Sandvad, former editor of Den Store Salmonsen, February 9, 2020; Ib Michael, former student assistant at the editorial office of Den Store Salmonsen, February 11, 2020.
Digital Resources
The Royal Danish Library’s Media Collections (Mediestream.dk) Copenhagen.
Politikens’ Digital Archives.
Lex.dk
The Scandinavian Encyclopedia (Den skandinaviske encyklopædi).
Database located in the Svensk Nationell Datatjänst, SND.
Wikipedia
Printed Works
Andersen, Axel. Veje til viden: Håndbog i informationsvidenskab. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1996.
Andersen, Otto. Tidsbilleder fra boghandelens verden. Copenhagen: P. Haase & Søns Forlag, 1965.
Appel, Charlotte and Ning de Coninck-Smith, eds. Dansk skolehistorie: hverdag, vilkår og visioner gennem 500 år, vol. 1–5. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2013.
Bang, Jørgen. Fra Godiche til Schultz: Bogtrykkeri og forlag i 300 år, 1661–1961. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz, 1961.
Bang, Jørgen. “Den Store Salmonsen.” In Danske opslagsværker, vol. 5, ed. Axel Andersen, 5–35. Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gad, 1970.
Berg, Siv Frøydis et al., eds. All verdens kunnskap: Leksikon gjennom to tusen år. Oslo: Nasjonalbiblioteket/Universitetet i Oslo 2012.
Blangstrup, Christian, ed. Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon: en nordisk Encyklopædi. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz, 1891–1911.
Blangstrup, Christian, Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen and Palle Raunkjær, eds. Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz, 1915–1930.
Birkelund, Palle, Esli Dansten and Lauritz Nielsen, eds. Nordisk Leksikon for Bogvæsen, vol. 1. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag, 1951.
Carlsen, Sigmund. All verdens viten: Litt om leksika gjennom tiderne. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co [W. Nygaard], 1968.
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Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Linn Holmberg, Jeff Loveland, William Kynan-Wilson, Henning Hansen, Anton Jansson, and Martin Vestergaard Jensen for discussing various aspects of this research, as well as for the helpful advice and comments that came up at the symposium “Stranded Encyclopedias: Encyclopedic Dreams and Practices, c. 1700-2000” at Stockholm University on September 13–14, 2018. The author is grateful for the support of several institutions that made this work possible, namely the Institute for Culture and Global Studies and the Department of Political Sciences at Aalborg University. The author sends a special thanks to Gustav Holmberg for photographing the archival material displayed in this chapter.
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Simonsen, M. (2021). The Rise and Fall of Danish Encyclopedias, 1891–2017. In: Holmberg, L., Simonsen, M. (eds) Stranded Encyclopedias, 1700–2000. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64300-3_10
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