Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth review of medical nutritional therapy of youth with T1D. Specifically, the types and amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and fat for healthy meal choices in youth with T1D are reviewed. The effects of glycemic index, the importance of accurate carbohydrate counting, and the usefulness of Nutrition Facts labelling are also addressed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ISPAD Clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014 compendium. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(Suppl 20):77–85.
Smart CE, Annan F, Higgins LA, Jelleryd E, Lopez M, Acerini CL. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl 27):135–53.
Aslander-van Vliet E, Smart C, Waldron S. Nutritional management in childhood and adolescent diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:323–39.
Tascini G, Berioli MG, Cerquiglini L, Santi E, Mancini G, Rogari F, Toni G, Esposito S. Carbohydrate counting in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nutrients. 2018;10:109.
Turton JL, Raab R, Rooney KB. Low carbohydrate diets for type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Plos One. 2018;e0194987:13.
Patton SR, Clements MA, George K, Goggin K. “I don’t want them to feel different”: a mixed methods study of parents and dietary management strategies for their young child with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:272–82.
American Diabetes Association medical management of type 1 diabetes. 5th ed. p. 95.
Mottalib A, et al. Weight management in patients with type 1 and obesity. Curr Diab Rep. 2017;17:92.
Bolla AM, Caretto A, Laurenzi A, Scavini M, Piemonti L. Low carb and ketogenic diets in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2019;11:962.
Thomas D, Elliott EJ. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(1):CD006296.
Smart CEM, Evans M, O’Connell SM, et al. Both dietary protein and fat increase post-prandial glucose excursions in children with type 1 diabetes and the effect is additive. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3897–902.
Wolpert HA, Atakov-Castillo A, Smith SA, Stell GM. Dietary fat acutely increases glucose concentrations and insulin requirements in patients with type 1 diabetes: implications for carbohydrate based bolus dose calculation and intensive diabetes management. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:810–6.
Soliman GA. Dietary Fiber, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2019;11:1155.
Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, Nadeau KJ, Green M, et al. J Hepatol. 2018;68:1063–75.
Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture. 2020 dietary guidelines for Americans.
Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnick L, Laffel L, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:186–212.
Maahs DM, Wadwa RP, Bishop F, Daniels S, Rewers M, Klingensmith G. Dyslipidemia in youth with diabetes: to treat or not to treat. J Pediatr. 2008;153:458–65.
Paterson M, Bell KJ, O'Connell SM, Smart CE, Shafat A, King B. The role of dietary protein and fat in glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:61.
Seckold R, Fisher E, de Bock M, King BR, Smart CE. The ups and downs of low-carbohydrate diets in the management of type 1 diabetes: a review of clinical outcomes. Diabetes Med. 2019;36:326-334.
Suggested Readings
Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Evert AB. Evidenced based nutrition therapy recommendations are effective: the key is individualization. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:65–72.
Gökşen D, et al. Effects of carbohydrate counting method on metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2014;6:74–8.
Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;393:434–45.
Patton S. Adherence to diet in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:550–5.
Laximinarayan S, Reifman J, Edwards S, Wolpert H, Steil GM. Bolus estimation-rethinking the effect of meal fat content. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17:860–6.
Lennerz B, Barton A, Bernstein R, et al. Management of Type 1 diabetes with a very low carbohydrate diet. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20173349.
Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson JL, Garg A, Holzmeister LA, Hoogwerf B, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, et al. Evidenced based nutrition prinicples and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:148–98.
Sima P, Vannucci L, Vetvicka V. B-Glucans and cholesterol (review). Int J Mol Med. 2018;41:1799–808.
Erbe JK. Low glycemic index diets for the management of diabetes. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80:941–2.
American Diabetes Association. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S163–82.
Pańkowska E, Błazik M, Groele L. Does the fat-protein meal increase postprandial glucose level in type 1 diabetes patients on insulin pump: the conclusion of a randomized study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14:16-22.
Bell KJ, Gray R, Munns D, et al. Estimating insulin demand for protein-containing foods using the food insulin index. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:1055-1059. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.126.
Bell KJ, Fio CZ, Twigg S, Duke SA, Fulcher G, Alexander K, McGill M, Wong J, Brand-Miller J, Steil GM. Amount and type of dietary fat, post prandial glycemia and insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes: a randomized within subject trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:59–66.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rose, P., Savoye, M., Tichy, E. (2021). Medical Nutritional Therapy. In: Tamborlane, W.V. (eds) Diabetes in Children and Adolescents. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64133-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64133-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64132-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64133-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)