Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ipilimumab in Melanoma: An Evergreen Drug

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Therapies in Advanced Cutaneous Malignancies

  • 395 Accesses

Abstract

Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that activates the immune system by targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a co-receptor with inhibitory properties expressed by T lymphocytes. Ipilimumab was the first immune-checkpoint inhibitor which received an indication by the regulatory agencies for the treatment of a solid tumor after the results of a phase 3 trial in patients with advanced melanoma. Later, but only in the United States, it was also approved by the FDA for the adjuvant treatment of high-risk, resected melanoma. Ipilimumab lost its role as a frontline and adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma after the results of phase 3 trials with anti-PD-1 drugs, which outperformed the anti-CTLA-4 agent in terms of both efficacy and safety. The purpose of this chapter is to report the most relevant results of ipilimumab from selected clinical trials and real world studies, to discuss how the introduction of ipilimumab into clinical practice challenged the evaluation of tumor response and management of toxicity, and to discuss the role of ipilimumab in the era of anti-PD-1 agents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(4):252–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science. 2003;299(5609):1057.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barzaghi F, Passerini L, Bacchetta R. Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, x-linked syndrome: a paradigm of immunodeficiency with autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2012;3:211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Queirolo P, Boutros A, Tanda E, et al. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a model of cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2019;59:290–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(8):711–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Wolchok JD, Neyns B, Linette G, et al. Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(2):155–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ascierto PA, Del Vecchio M, Robert C, et al. Ipilimumab 10 mg/kg versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):611–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Weber JS, Gibney G, Sullivan RJ, et al. Sequential administration of nivolumab and ipilimumab with a planned switch in patients with advanced melanoma (CheckMate 064): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):943–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hodi FS, Chesney J, Pavlick AC, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone in patients with advanced melanoma: 2-year overall survival outcomes in a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(11):1558–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1345–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1535–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lebbé C, Meyer N, Mortier L, et al. Evaluation of two dosing regimens for nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma: results from the phase IIIb/IV checkmate 511 trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2019;37(11):867–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Long GV, Atkinson V, Cebon JS, et al. Standard-dose pembrolizumab in combination with reduced-dose ipilimumab for patients with advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-029): an open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):1202–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Altomonte M, Di Giacomo A, Queirolo P, et al. Clinical experience with ipilimumab 10 mg/kg in patients with melanoma treated at Italian centres as part of a European expanded access programme. J Exp Clin Cancer Res CR. 2013;32(1):82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Robert C, Ribas A, Schachter J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-006): post-hoc 5-year results from an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(9):1239–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30388-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hodi FS, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1480–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, et al. Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1889–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Maio M, Grob J-J, Aamdal S, et al. Five-year survival rates for treatment-naive patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33(10):1191–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Korn EL, Liu P-Y, Lee SJ, et al. Meta-analysis of phase II cooperative group trials in metastatic stage IV melanoma to determine progression-free and overall survival benchmarks for future phase II trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):527–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chiarion-Sileni V, Pigozzo J, Ascierto PA, et al. Ipilimumab retreatment in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: the expanded access programme in Italy. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(7):1721–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Neyns B, Weber JS, Lebbé C, Maio M, Harmankaya K, Hamid O, O’Day S, Chin KM, Opatt McDowell D, Cykowski L, McHenry B, Wolchok JD. Ipilimumab (Ipi) retreatment at 10 mg/kg in patients with metastatic melanoma previously treated in phase II trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:abstract 9059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Spagnolo F, Picasso V, Lambertini M, et al. Survival of patients with metastatic melanoma and brain metastases in the era of MAP-kinase inhibitors and immunologic checkpoint blockade antibodies: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;45:38–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Heller KN, Pavlick AC, Hodi FS, et al. Safety and survival analysis of ipilimumab therapy in patients with stable asymptomatic brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(15_suppl):8581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Weber JS, Amin A, Minor D, et al. Safety and clinical activity of ipilimumab in melanoma patients with brain metastases: retrospective analysis of data from a phase 2 trial. Melanoma Res. 2011;21(6):530–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Di Giacomo AM, Ascierto PA, Pilla L, et al. Ipilimumab and fotemustine in patients with advanced melanoma (NIBIT-M1): an open-label, single-arm phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(9):879–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(5):459–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Queirolo P, Spagnolo F, Ascierto PA, et al. Efficacy and safety of ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma and brain metastases. J Neuro-Oncol. 2014;118(1):109–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O’Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(23):7412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(3):e143–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Thompson JA, Schneider BJ, Brahmer J, et al. Management of immunotherapy-related toxicities, version 1.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2019;17(3):255–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Haanen JBAG, Carbonnel F, Robert C, et al. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2017;28(suppl_4):iv119–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Brahmer JR, Lacchetti C, Schneider BJ, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2018;36(17):1714–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Champiat S, Lambotte O, Barreau E, et al. Management of immune checkpoint blockade dysimmune toxicities: a collaborative position paper. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(4):559–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kumar V, Chaudhary N, Garg M, et al. Current diagnosis and management of immune related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Bertrand A, Kostine M, Barnetche T, et al. Immune related adverse events associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2015;13:211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang P-F, Chen Y, Song S-Y, et al. Immune-related adverse events associated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment for malignancies: a meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:730.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cooper ZA, Juneja VR, Sage PT, et al. Response to BRAF inhibition in melanoma is enhanced when combined with immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(7):643–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Ribas A, Hodi FS, Callahan M, et al. Hepatotoxicity with combination of vemurafenib and ipilimumab. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1365–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Minor DR, Puzanov I, Callahan MK, et al. Severe gastrointestinal toxicity with administration of trametinib in combination with dabrafenib and ipilimumab. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28(5):611–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Ascierto PA, Ferrucci PF, Fisher R, et al. Dabrafenib, trametinib and pembrolizumab or placebo in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):941–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ferrucci PF, Ascierto PA, Pigozzo J, et al. Baseline neutrophils and derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: prognostic relevance in metastatic melanoma patients receiving ipilimumab. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(4):732–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zaragoza J, Caille A, Beneton N, et al. High neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio measured before starting ipilimumab treatment is associated with reduced overall survival in patients with melanoma. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(1):146–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Martens A, Wistuba-Hamprecht K, Geukes Foppen M, et al. Baseline peripheral blood biomarkers associated with clinical outcome of advanced melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2016;22(12):2908–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Valpione S, Martinoli C, Fava P, et al. Personalised medicine: development and external validation of a prognostic model for metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(14):2086–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sacdalan DB, Lucero JA, Sacdalan DL. Prognostic utility of baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review and meta-analysis. OncoTargets Ther. 2018;11:955–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Simeone E, Gentilcore G, Giannarelli D, et al. Immunological and biological changes during ipilimumab treatment and their potential correlation with clinical response and survival in patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014;63(7):675–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kelderman S, Heemskerk B, van Tinteren H, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase as a selection criterion for ipilimumab treatment in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014;63(5):449–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pistillo MP, Fontana V, Morabito A, et al. Soluble CTLA-4 as a favorable predictive biomarker in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab: an Italian melanoma intergroup study. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68(1):97–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hopkins AM, Rowland A, Kichenadasse G, et al. Predicting response and toxicity to immune checkpoint inhibitors using routinely available blood and clinical markers. Br J Cancer. 2017;117(7):913–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Queirolo P, Dozin B, Morabito A, et al. Association of CTLA-4 gene variants with response to therapy and long-term survival in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab: an Italian melanoma intergroup study. Front Immunol. 2017;8:386.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Queirolo P, Dozin B, Morabito A, et al. CTLA-4 gene variant -1661A>G may predict the onset of endocrine adverse events in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Eur J Cancer. 2018;97:59–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Eggermont AMM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, et al. Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(5):522–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Eggermont AMM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, et al. Prolonged survival in stage III melanoma with ipilimumab adjuvant therapy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1845–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Tarhini AA, Lee SJ, Hodi FS, et al. A phase III randomized study of adjuvant ipilimumab (3 or 10 mg/kg) versus high-dose interferon alfa-2b for resected high-risk melanoma (U.S. Intergroup E1609): Preliminary safety and efficacy of the ipilimumab arms. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15_suppl):9500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Tarhini AA, Lee SJ, Hodi FS, et al. United States Intergroup E1609: a phase III randomized study of adjuvant ipilimumab (3 or 10 mg/kg) versus high-dose interferon-α2b for resected high-risk melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):9504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Weber JS, Del Vecchio M, Mandala M, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab (NIVO) versus ipilimumab (IPI) in resected stage III/IV melanoma: 3-year efficacy and biomarker results from the phase 3 CheckMate 238 trial. Annals of Oncology. 2019;30(suppl_5):v533–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Weber JS, MandalĂ  M, Del Vecchio M, et al. Adjuvant therapy with nivolumab (NIVO) versus ipilimumab (IPI) after complete resection of stage III/IV melanoma: Updated results from a phase III trial (CheckMate 238). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):9502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Weber J, Mandala M, Del Vecchio M, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab versus Ipilimumab in resected stage III or IV melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(19):1824–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Zimmer L, Livingstone E, Hassel JC, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with resected stage IV melanoma with no evidence of disease (IMMUNED): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1558–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Spagnolo F, Boutros A, Tanda E, Queirolo P. The adjuvant treatment revolution for high-risk melanoma patients. Semin Cancer Biol. 2019;59:283–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Blank CU, Rozeman EA, Fanchi LF, et al. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1655–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Huang AC, Orlowski RJ, Xu X, et al. A single dose of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade predicts clinical outcomes in resectable melanoma. Nat Med. 2019;25(3):454–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Amaria RN, Reddy SM, Tawbi HA, et al. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in high-risk resectable melanoma. Nat Med. 2018;24(11):1649–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Rozeman EA, Menzies AM, van Akkooi ACJ, et al. Identification of the optimal combination dosing schedule of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma (OpACIN-neo): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(7):948–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bowyer S, Prithviraj P, Lorigan P, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of treatment with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma after prior anti-PD-1 therapy. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(10):1084–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Aya F, Gaba L, Victoria I, et al. Ipilimumab after progression on anti-PD-1 treatment in advanced melanoma. Future Oncol. 2016;12(23):2683–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zimmer L, Apuri S, Eroglu Z, et al. Ipilimumab alone or in combination with nivolumab after progression on anti-PD-1 therapy in advanced melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2017;75:47–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Olson D, Luke JJ, Poklepovic AS, et al. Significant antitumor activity for low-dose ipilimumab (IPI) with pembrolizumab (PEMBRO) immediately following progression on PD1 Ab in melanoma (MEL) in a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):10004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Pires Da Silva I, Ahmed T, Lo S, et al. Ipilimumab (IPI) alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 (IPI+PD1) in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM) resistant to PD1 monotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):10005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hauschild A, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, et al. Longer follow-up confirms relapse-free survival benefit with adjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with resected BRAF V600-mutant stage III melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2018;36(35):JCO1801219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Spagnolo F, Croce E, Boutros A, et al. Neoadjuvant treatments in patients with high-risk resectable stage III/IV melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2020;20(5):403–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oncologia Medica 2, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy

    Francesco Spagnolo & Enrica Tanda

  2. University of Perugia, Unit of Medical Oncology, Ospedale Santa Maria Misericordia, Perugia, Italy

    Mario MandalĂ 

Authors
  1. Francesco Spagnolo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Enrica Tanda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mario MandalĂ 
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesco Spagnolo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Piotr Rutkowski

  2. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Medical OncologyUniversity of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

    Mario MandalĂ 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Spagnolo, F., Tanda, E., MandalĂ , M. (2021). Ipilimumab in Melanoma: An Evergreen Drug. In: Rutkowski, P., MandalĂ , M. (eds) New Therapies in Advanced Cutaneous Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64009-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64009-5_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64008-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64009-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation