Abstract
The Order Neuroptera is composed of several families, the most important of which are Chrysopidae (green lacewings), Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings), and Coniopterygidae (dustywing lacewings). The green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are widely used in biological control within integrated pest management (IPM) projects in the form of inoculative or inundative releases. The green lacewing larvae feed on soft-bodied pests such as aphids, mites, and insect eggs, making them an important beneficial insects for controlling some pests in greenhouses and irrigated crops in some areas of Iran. In this chapter, known neuropteran species as well as available information from different Iranian investigations are briefly introduced. Finally, the current status of lacewing implementation, their potentials, and limitations as a biocontrol agents within integrated pest management programs are explained.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2006) Evaluation of integrated control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum West using Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and insecticide confidor in greenhouse conditions. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 9(4):239–251
Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2014) Feeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in laboratory conditions. Plant Prot J 6(2):113–121
Asadi M (2010) Identification of Neuroptera fauna from Eslamabad-e Gharb and Sarpol-e Zahab cities in Kermanshah province. M. Sc. Thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Aspöck H, Aspöck U, Hölzel H (1980) Die Neuropteran Europas. Eine Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Systematik, Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megalopteraö, Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Vol. 2. Goecke & Evers, Germany
Ayubi A, Moravvej G, Karimi J et al (2014) Susceptibility of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to some prevalent insecticides in laboratory conditions. J Entomol Res 6(4):321–332
Ayubi A, Moravvej G, Karimi J et al (2013) Lethal effects of four insecticides on immature stages of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory conditions. Turk J Entomol 37(4):399–407
Baghdadi A, Sharifi F, Mirmoayedi A (2012) Investigation on some biological aspects of Chrysoperla lucasina (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera) on Bemisia tabaci in laboratory conditions. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 77(4):635–638
Canard M, Principi MM (1984) Development of Chrysopidae. In: Canard M, Semeria Y, New T (eds) Biology of Chrysopidae. Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp 57–75
Cannings RA, Cannings SG (2006) The Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) of Canada with notes on morphology, ecology, and distribution. Can Entomol 138:531–544. https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-806
Daniali M, Heydari H, Khodaman A (1995) Dominate species of lacewing in agroecosystems of Gorgan and Gonbad regions and their mass rearing. Proceedings of the 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995
Farahbakhsh Gh (1961) A checklist of economically important insects and other enemies of plants and agricultural products in Iran. Dept Plant Prot, Min Agri, Tehran, Iran 1:1–153
Farahi S, Sadeghi H, Whittington AE (2009) Lacewing (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae) from north eastern and east provinces of Iran. Mun Ent Zool 4(2):501–509
Farrokhi M, Gharekhani G, Iranipour Sh et al (2017a) Effect of different artificial diets on some biological traits of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(2):1479–1484
Farrokhi M, Gharekhani G, Iranipour Sh et al (2017b) Host plant-herbivore-predator interactions in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on four plant species under laboratory conditions. J Econ Entomol 110(6):2342–2350. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox268
Fekrat L, Solimannejadyan E, Jooyandeh A (2006) Mutual interference in the first instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory. Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–5 September 2006
Ghadiri-Rad S, Heydari H, Saghaee-Nia AM (2004) Chrysopa formosa Brauer (Neu.: Chrysopidae), green lacewing of winter wheat fields in Golestan province. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 29 August–2 September 2004
Golmohammadi G, Hejazi M, Iranipour Sh et al (2013) Sublethal effects of three insecticides on adults green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) with demographic toxicology method. J Appl Entomol Phytopath 81(1):73–82
Haruyama N, Mochizuki A, Duelli P et al (2008) Green lacewing phylogeny, based on three nuclear genes (Chrysopidae, Neuroptera). Syst Entomol 33(2):275–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00418.x
Hassani-sadi M, Mehrnejad MR, Shojaei M (2010) The effect of diet and temperature regimes on development and reproduction of green lacewing, a natural enemy of the common pistachio psyllid. J Entomol Res 2(3):179–192
Hassanpour M, Mohaghegh J, Iranipour Sh et al (2011) Functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of prey and predator stages. Insect Sci 18(2):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01360.x
Hassanpour M, Maghami R, Rafiee-Dastjerdi H et al (2015) Predation activity of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) upon Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae): effect of different hunger levels. J Asia Pac Entomol 18(2):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.03.005
Henry CS (1985) Sibling species, call differences, and speciation in green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Evolution 39(5):965–984
Henry CS, Brooks SJ, Duelli P et al (2002) Discovering the true Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using song analysis, morphology and ecology. Ann Entomol Soc Am 95(2):172–191. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0172:DTTCCI]2.0.CO;2
Hesami S, Farahi S, Gheibi M (2011) Effect of different host plants of normal wheat aphid Sitobion avenae on the feeding and longevity of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal, Hong Kong. 2–3 July 2011
Heydari H (1995) The list of Iranian Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Proceedings of the 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995
Hölzel H (1966) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Chrysopiden des Iran (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Stutt Beitr Naturk 148:1–7
Hölzel H (1967) Die Neuroptera Vorderasiens, Chrysopidae. Beitr naturk Forsch SüdwDtl 26(1):19–45
Hölzel H (1982) Redeskription von Chysopa andresi Navas und Beschreibung zweier neuer Arten aus Vorderasien (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Zeitsch Arbeitsgemeinsch Osterreichisch Entomol 33:113–121
Jafari-Nadoushan A (1998) Performance evaluation of lacewing Chrysoperla carnea as pistachio psylla predator. MSc. Thesis, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
Jooyandeh A (1995) Evaluation of suitable rearing methods of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and its biological aspects under laboratory conditions. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Jooyandeh A (1999) The investigation on using common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of cotton pests. Final report of research project, Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center
Jooyandeh A (2000) Mass production of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu., Chrysopidae): New methods in group rearing of the larvae. Proceedings of the 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 5–8 September 2000
Jooyandeh A (2009) Study of effectiveness of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu.: Chrysopidae) in control of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (F.) (Hem., Psyllidae). Final report of Research project, Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center
Kazemi F, Mehrnejad MR (2011) Seasonal occurrence and biological parameters of the common green lacewing predators of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Eur J Entomol 108(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2011.008
Mansell MW (2002) Monitoring lacewing (Insecta: Neuroptera) in Southern Africa. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hungar 48 (Suppl. 2):165–173
Meinander M (1998) Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from the Mediterranean region and Iran. J Neuropterol 1:23–31
Mirmoayedi A (1993) Collection and identification of species of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) in Kermanshah province. Proceedings of the 11th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 28 August–2 September 1993
Mirmoayedi A (1995) A checklist of certain Neuropteroida of Hormozgan province. Proceedings of the12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995
Mirmoayedi A (1998) Neuroptera from Iran. Acta Zool Fenn 209:163–165
Mirmoayedi A (1999a) New survey on Neuropteran fauna of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces. Proceedings of the 8th Iranian Biology Conference, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 30 August–1 September 1999
Mirmoayedi A (1999b) Lacewings of Shiraz. Proceedings of the 8th Iranian Biology Conference, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 30 August–1 September 1999
Mirmoayedi A (2002a) Forty years of studies by Iranian entomologists on the Chrysopidae fauna (1961-2000) of Iran (Insecta, Neuroptera). Zool Mid East 26(1):157–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2002.10637931
Mirmoayedi A (2002b) New records of Neuroptera from Iran. Aca Zool Acad Sci Hungar 48(2):197–201
Mirmoayedi A (2008) An updated checklist of the neuropterans of Iran. Proceeding of the 10th International Symposium on Neuropterology, Piran, Slovenia. 22–26 July 2008
Mirmoayedi A, Yassayie A (1998) Collection and identification of Neuropteran fauna in Golestan national park. Proceedings of the 7th Iranian Biology Conference, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. 22–24 Aug 1998
Mirmoayedi A, Eradati N, Adldoost H (2014) New records of Neuroptera (Insecta, Neuropterida, Neuroptera) from West Azerbaijan, Iran. Adv Biotech Patent 1:25–31
Monserrat VJ (2002) New data on the dusty wings from Africa and Europe (Insecta, Neuroptera, Coniopterygidae). Graellsia 58(1):3–19
Moradi M, Hassanpour M, Golizadeh A et al (2019) Prey preference and switching of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea on the citrus aphid Aphis spiraecola and the melon aphid Aphis gossypii. Plant Pest Res 8(4):43–54
Naderian H, Ghahari H, Asgari S (2012) Species diversity of natural enemies in corn fields and surrounding grasslands of Semnan province, Iran. Calodema 217:1–8
Nasreen A, Ashfaq M, Mustafa Gh et al (2007) Mortality rate of five commercial insecticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera). Pak J Agri Sci 44(2):266–271
New TR (1985) A revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae (Insecta: Myrmeleontidae) I. Introduction, Myrmeleontini, Protoplectrini. Austral J Zool (Suppl. Ser.). 104:1–90
New TR (1999) Neuroptera and biological control (Neuropterida). Stapfia 60:147–166
Rafiee-Karahroudi Z, Hatami B (2003) Comparison of two method of releasing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) eggs against Aphis gossypii Glover under greenhouse condition. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 7(2):215–224
Saber M, Vojudi S, Farrokhi M et al (2018) Effect of field recommended rates of emamectin benzoate and spinosad on biological parameters of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. J Appl Res Plant Prot 7(1):57–67
Sarailoo MH, Lakzaei M (2014) Effect of different diets on some biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J Crop Prot 3(4):479–486
Shahpouri Arani S, Talebi AA, Fathipour Y et al (2005) Comparison between the population parameters in green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neu: Chrysopidae) and its egg parasitoid wasp, Telenomus acrobats Giard (Hym: Scelionidae). J Agri Sci 11(1):107–116
Sharififard M, Mossadegh SMS (2006) The lacewings (Chrysopidae) fauna of Khuzestan and the effect of temperature and prey on larval voracity of dominant species. Sci J Agri 29(1):113–127
Sziráki G, Mirmoayedi A (2012) Annotated checklist of the Iranian Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera). Folia Histor Natur Mus Matr 36:45–50
Takalloozadeh HM (2015) Effect of different prey species on the biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory conditions. J Crop Prot 4(1):11–18
Tauber MJ, Tauber CA, Daane KM et al (2000) Commercialization of predators: recent lessons from green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Am Entomol 46(1):26–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/46.1.26
Uddin J, Holliday NJ, MacKay PA (2005) Rearing lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea and Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), on prepupae of alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba 61:11–19
Vogt H, Bigler F, Brown K et al (2000) Laboratory method to test effects of plant protection products on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In: Condolfi MP, Blomel S, Forster R (eds) Guidelines to evaluate side effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods. IOBC, BART, and EPPO Joint Initiative. IOBC, Gent, pp 27–44
Wells MM, Henry CS (1992) The role of courtship songs in reproductive isolation among populations of green lacewings of the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Evolution 46(1):31–42
Woolfolk SW, Smith DB, Martin RA et al (2007) Multiple orifice distribution system for placing green lacewing eggs into vertical larval rearing units. J Econ Entomol 100(2):283–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.2.283
Zakerin A, Zibaiee K, Fallahzadeh M (2009) To study the biological control of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hem., Pseudococcidae) by Chrysoperla carnea (Neu., Chrysopidae) in citrus orchards of Jahrom, Fars province-Iran. J Nov Res Plant Prot 1(2):126–139
Zarei M, Madadi H, Zamani AA et al (2019) Predation rate of competing Chrysoperla carnea and Hippodamia variegata on Aphis fabae at various prey densities and arena complexities. Bull Insectol 72(2):273–280
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hassanpour, M., Asadi, M., Jooyandeh, A., Madadi, H. (2021). Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects. In: Karimi, J., Madadi, H. (eds) Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in Iran. Progress in Biological Control, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63989-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63990-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)