Skip to main content

Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in Iran

Part of the book series: Progress in Biological Control ((PIBC,volume 18))

Abstract

The Order Neuroptera is composed of several families, the most important of which are Chrysopidae (green lacewings), Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings), and Coniopterygidae (dustywing lacewings). The green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are widely used in biological control within integrated pest management (IPM) projects in the form of inoculative or inundative releases. The green lacewing larvae feed on soft-bodied pests such as aphids, mites, and insect eggs, making them an important beneficial insects for controlling some pests in greenhouses and irrigated crops in some areas of Iran. In this chapter, known neuropteran species as well as available information from different Iranian investigations are briefly introduced. Finally, the current status of lacewing implementation, their potentials, and limitations as a biocontrol agents within integrated pest management programs are explained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2006) Evaluation of integrated control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum West using Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and insecticide confidor in greenhouse conditions. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 9(4):239–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadzadeh Z, Hatami B (2014) Feeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum in laboratory conditions. Plant Prot J 6(2):113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Asadi M (2010) Identification of Neuroptera fauna from Eslamabad-e Gharb and Sarpol-e Zahab cities in Kermanshah province. M. Sc. Thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspöck H, Aspöck U, Hölzel H (1980) Die Neuropteran Europas. Eine Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Systematik, Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megalopteraö, Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas. Vol. 2. Goecke & Evers, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayubi A, Moravvej G, Karimi J et al (2014) Susceptibility of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to some prevalent insecticides in laboratory conditions. J Entomol Res 6(4):321–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayubi A, Moravvej G, Karimi J et al (2013) Lethal effects of four insecticides on immature stages of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory conditions. Turk J Entomol 37(4):399–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Baghdadi A, Sharifi F, Mirmoayedi A (2012) Investigation on some biological aspects of Chrysoperla lucasina (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera) on Bemisia tabaci in laboratory conditions. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 77(4):635–638

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canard M, Principi MM (1984) Development of Chrysopidae. In: Canard M, Semeria Y, New T (eds) Biology of Chrysopidae. Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp 57–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannings RA, Cannings SG (2006) The Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) of Canada with notes on morphology, ecology, and distribution. Can Entomol 138:531–544. https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-806

  • Daniali M, Heydari H, Khodaman A (1995) Dominate species of lacewing in agroecosystems of Gorgan and Gonbad regions and their mass rearing. Proceedings of the 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahbakhsh Gh (1961) A checklist of economically important insects and other enemies of plants and agricultural products in Iran. Dept Plant Prot, Min Agri, Tehran, Iran 1:1–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Farahi S, Sadeghi H, Whittington AE (2009) Lacewing (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae) from north eastern and east provinces of Iran. Mun Ent Zool 4(2):501–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrokhi M, Gharekhani G, Iranipour Sh et al (2017a) Effect of different artificial diets on some biological traits of adult green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(2):1479–1484

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrokhi M, Gharekhani G, Iranipour Sh et al (2017b) Host plant-herbivore-predator interactions in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on four plant species under laboratory conditions. J Econ Entomol 110(6):2342–2350. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox268

  • Fekrat L, Solimannejadyan E, Jooyandeh A (2006) Mutual interference in the first instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory. Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–5 September 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghadiri-Rad S, Heydari H, Saghaee-Nia AM (2004) Chrysopa formosa Brauer (Neu.: Chrysopidae), green lacewing of winter wheat fields in Golestan province. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 29 August–2 September 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Golmohammadi G, Hejazi M, Iranipour Sh et al (2013) Sublethal effects of three insecticides on adults green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) with demographic toxicology method. J Appl Entomol Phytopath 81(1):73–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Haruyama N, Mochizuki A, Duelli P et al (2008) Green lacewing phylogeny, based on three nuclear genes (Chrysopidae, Neuroptera). Syst Entomol 33(2):275–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00418.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassani-sadi M, Mehrnejad MR, Shojaei M (2010) The effect of diet and temperature regimes on development and reproduction of green lacewing, a natural enemy of the common pistachio psyllid. J Entomol Res 2(3):179–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassanpour M, Mohaghegh J, Iranipour Sh et al (2011) Functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of prey and predator stages. Insect Sci 18(2):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01360.x

  • Hassanpour M, Maghami R, Rafiee-Dastjerdi H et al (2015) Predation activity of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) upon Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae): effect of different hunger levels. J Asia Pac Entomol 18(2):297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry CS (1985) Sibling species, call differences, and speciation in green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Evolution 39(5):965–984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry CS, Brooks SJ, Duelli P et al (2002) Discovering the true Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using song analysis, morphology and ecology. Ann Entomol Soc Am 95(2):172–191. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0172:DTTCCI]2.0.CO;2

  • Hesami S, Farahi S, Gheibi M (2011) Effect of different host plants of normal wheat aphid Sitobion avenae on the feeding and longevity of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal, Hong Kong. 2–3 July 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydari H (1995) The list of Iranian Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Proceedings of the 12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel H (1966) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Chrysopiden des Iran (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Stutt Beitr Naturk 148:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel H (1967) Die Neuroptera Vorderasiens, Chrysopidae. Beitr naturk Forsch SüdwDtl 26(1):19–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölzel H (1982) Redeskription von Chysopa andresi Navas und Beschreibung zweier neuer Arten aus Vorderasien (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Zeitsch Arbeitsgemeinsch Osterreichisch Entomol 33:113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafari-Nadoushan A (1998) Performance evaluation of lacewing Chrysoperla carnea as pistachio psylla predator. MSc. Thesis, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran

    Google Scholar 

  • Jooyandeh A (1995) Evaluation of suitable rearing methods of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and its biological aspects under laboratory conditions. MSc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Google Scholar 

  • Jooyandeh A (1999) The investigation on using common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of cotton pests. Final report of research project, Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center

    Google Scholar 

  • Jooyandeh A (2000) Mass production of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu., Chrysopidae): New methods in group rearing of the larvae. Proceedings of the 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 5–8 September 2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Jooyandeh A (2009) Study of effectiveness of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu.: Chrysopidae) in control of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (F.) (Hem., Psyllidae). Final report of Research project, Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazemi F, Mehrnejad MR (2011) Seasonal occurrence and biological parameters of the common green lacewing predators of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Eur J Entomol 108(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2011.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansell MW (2002) Monitoring lacewing (Insecta: Neuroptera) in Southern Africa. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hungar 48 (Suppl. 2):165–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinander M (1998) Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from the Mediterranean region and Iran. J Neuropterol 1:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (1993) Collection and identification of species of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) in Kermanshah province. Proceedings of the 11th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 28 August–2 September 1993

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (1995) A checklist of certain Neuropteroida of Hormozgan province. Proceedings of the12th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Karaj, Iran. 2–7 September 1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (1998) Neuroptera from Iran. Acta Zool Fenn 209:163–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (1999a) New survey on Neuropteran fauna of Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces. Proceedings of the 8th Iranian Biology Conference, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 30 August–1 September 1999

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (1999b) Lacewings of Shiraz. Proceedings of the 8th Iranian Biology Conference, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 30 August–1 September 1999

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (2002a) Forty years of studies by Iranian entomologists on the Chrysopidae fauna (1961-2000) of Iran (Insecta, Neuroptera). Zool Mid East 26(1):157–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2002.10637931

  • Mirmoayedi A (2002b) New records of Neuroptera from Iran. Aca Zool Acad Sci Hungar 48(2):197–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A (2008) An updated checklist of the neuropterans of Iran. Proceeding of the 10th International Symposium on Neuropterology, Piran, Slovenia. 22–26 July 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A, Yassayie A (1998) Collection and identification of Neuropteran fauna in Golestan national park. Proceedings of the 7th Iranian Biology Conference, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. 22–24 Aug 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmoayedi A, Eradati N, Adldoost H (2014) New records of Neuroptera (Insecta, Neuropterida, Neuroptera) from West Azerbaijan, Iran. Adv Biotech Patent 1:25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Monserrat VJ (2002) New data on the dusty wings from Africa and Europe (Insecta, Neuroptera, Coniopterygidae). Graellsia 58(1):3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi M, Hassanpour M, Golizadeh A et al (2019) Prey preference and switching of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea on the citrus aphid Aphis spiraecola and the melon aphid Aphis gossypii. Plant Pest Res 8(4):43–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Naderian H, Ghahari H, Asgari S (2012) Species diversity of natural enemies in corn fields and surrounding grasslands of Semnan province, Iran. Calodema 217:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasreen A, Ashfaq M, Mustafa Gh et al (2007) Mortality rate of five commercial insecticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera). Pak J Agri Sci 44(2):266–271

    Google Scholar 

  • New TR (1985) A revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae (Insecta: Myrmeleontidae) I. Introduction, Myrmeleontini, Protoplectrini. Austral J Zool (Suppl. Ser.). 104:1–90

    Google Scholar 

  • New TR (1999) Neuroptera and biological control (Neuropterida). Stapfia 60:147–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafiee-Karahroudi Z, Hatami B (2003) Comparison of two method of releasing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) eggs against Aphis gossypii Glover under greenhouse condition. J Sci Tech Agri Natur Res 7(2):215–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Saber M, Vojudi S, Farrokhi M et al (2018) Effect of field recommended rates of emamectin benzoate and spinosad on biological parameters of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. J Appl Res Plant Prot 7(1):57–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarailoo MH, Lakzaei M (2014) Effect of different diets on some biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J Crop Prot 3(4):479–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahpouri Arani S, Talebi AA, Fathipour Y et al (2005) Comparison between the population parameters in green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neu: Chrysopidae) and its egg parasitoid wasp, Telenomus acrobats Giard (Hym: Scelionidae). J Agri Sci 11(1):107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharififard M, Mossadegh SMS (2006) The lacewings (Chrysopidae) fauna of Khuzestan and the effect of temperature and prey on larval voracity of dominant species. Sci J Agri 29(1):113–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Sziráki G, Mirmoayedi A (2012) Annotated checklist of the Iranian Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera). Folia Histor Natur Mus Matr 36:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Takalloozadeh HM (2015) Effect of different prey species on the biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in laboratory conditions. J Crop Prot 4(1):11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauber MJ, Tauber CA, Daane KM et al (2000) Commercialization of predators: recent lessons from green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Am Entomol 46(1):26–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/46.1.26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin J, Holliday NJ, MacKay PA (2005) Rearing lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea and Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), on prepupae of alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba 61:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt H, Bigler F, Brown K et al (2000) Laboratory method to test effects of plant protection products on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In: Condolfi MP, Blomel S, Forster R (eds) Guidelines to evaluate side effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods. IOBC, BART, and EPPO Joint Initiative. IOBC, Gent, pp 27–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells MM, Henry CS (1992) The role of courtship songs in reproductive isolation among populations of green lacewings of the genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Evolution 46(1):31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolfolk SW, Smith DB, Martin RA et al (2007) Multiple orifice distribution system for placing green lacewing eggs into vertical larval rearing units. J Econ Entomol 100(2):283–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.2.283

  • Zakerin A, Zibaiee K, Fallahzadeh M (2009) To study the biological control of Nipaecoccus viridis (Hem., Pseudococcidae) by Chrysoperla carnea (Neu., Chrysopidae) in citrus orchards of Jahrom, Fars province-Iran. J Nov Res Plant Prot 1(2):126–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarei M, Madadi H, Zamani AA et al (2019) Predation rate of competing Chrysoperla carnea and Hippodamia variegata on Aphis fabae at various prey densities and arena complexities. Bull Insectol 72(2):273–280

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahdi Hassanpour .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hassanpour, M., Asadi, M., Jooyandeh, A., Madadi, H. (2021). Lacewings: Research and Applied Aspects. In: Karimi, J., Madadi, H. (eds) Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in Iran. Progress in Biological Control, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics