Abstract
Pandemics are enormous threats to the world that impact all aspects of our lives, especially the global economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged since December 2019 and has affected the global economy in many ways. As the world becomes more interconnected, the economic impacts of the pandemic become more serious. In addition to increased health expenditures and reduced labor force, the pandemic has hit the supply and demand chain massively and caused trouble for manufacturers who have to fire some of their employees or delay their economic activities to prevent more loss. With the closure of manufacturers and companies and reduced travel rates, usage of oil after the beginning of the pandemic has decreased significantly that was unprecedented in the last 30 years. The mining industry is a critical sector in several developing countries, and the COVID-19 pandemic has hit this industry too. Also, world stock markets declined as investors started to become concerned about the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tourism industry and airlines have also experienced an enormous loss too. The GDP has reduced, and this pandemic will cost the world more than 2 trillion at the end of 2020.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Change history
14 December 2021
This book was inadvertently published with incorrect affiliation of Dr. Manlio De Domenico. The affiliation has now been corrected in the chapter.
References
Achonu C, Laporte A, Gardam MA (2005) The financial impact of controlling a respiratory virus outbreak in a teaching hospital: lessons learned from SARS. Canadian J Public Health (Revue canadienne de sante publique) 96(1):52–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404018
Açikgöz Ö, Günay A (2020) The early impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global and Turkish economy. Turk J Med Sci 50(SI-1):520–526. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2004-6
Ahanchian H, Moazzen N, Sezavar Dokht Faroughi M, et al (2020) COVID-19 in a child with primary antibody deficiency. Clin Case Rep 00:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.3643
Ahmadi M, Saffarzadeh N, Habibi MA, Hajiesmaeili F, Rezaei N (2020) Colon cancer and SARS-CoV-2: impact of ACE2 expression in susceptibility to COVID-19. bioRxiv. 2020.06.11.146878
Albert R, Jeong H, Barabási A-L (2000) Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406(6794):378–382. https://doi.org/10.1038/35019019
Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (2020) How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet (London) 395(10228):931–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30567-5
Association. MGM (2020) Covid-19 financial impact on medical practices. https://www.mgma.com/getattachment/9b8be0c2-0744-41bf-864f-04007d6adbd2/2004-G09621D-COVID-Financial-Impact-One-Pager-8-5x11-MW-2.pdf.aspx?lang¼en-US&ext¼.pdf
Babaha F, Rezaei N (2020) Primary immunodeficiency diseases in COVID-19 pandemic: a predisposing or protective factor? Am J Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2020.07.027
Bahrami A, Vafapour M, Moazzami B, Rezaei N (2020) Hyperinflammatory shock related to COVID-19 in a patient presenting with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: first case from Iran. J Paediatr Child Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15048
Barro RJ, Sala-i-Martin X (2004) Economic growth, 2nd edn. MIT Press, Cambridge MA
Basiri A, Heidari A, Nadi MF, Fallahy MTP, Nezamabadi SS, Sedighi M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020a) Microfluidic devices for detection of RNA viruses. Reviews in Medical Virology n/a (n/a): e2154. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2154
Basiri A, Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Hoseinpour M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020b) Regenerative medicine in COVID-19 treatment: real opportunities and range of promises. Stem Cell Rev Rep:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09994-5
Bloom EA, de Witt V, Jose MJC-S (2005) Potential Economic Impact of an Avian Flu Pandemic on Asia. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/potential-economic-impact-avian-flu-pandemic-asia
Bobdey S, Ray S (2020) Going viral – Covid-19 impact assessment: a perspective beyond clinical practice. J Marine Med Soc 22:9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmms.jmms_12_20
Burns A, Van der Mensbrugghe D, Timmer H (2008) Evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenza. World Bank, Washington, DC
Carlson JM, Doyle J (2002) Complexity and robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(suppl 1):2538. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012582499
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R (2020) Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island
Chakraborty I, Maity P (2020) COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Sci Total Environ 728:138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882
Chang C-C, Lee D-H, Lin H-C, Hsu S-H (2007) The potential economic impact of avian flu pandemic on Taiwan
Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D (2020) Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 92(4):418–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A (2020) The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science 368(6489):395. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9757
Council WTT (2019) Travel & tourism economic impact 2019 world. London, UK
Darbeheshti F, Rezaei N (2020) Genetic predisposition models to COVID-19 infection. Med Hypotheses 142:109818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109818
David E. Bloom DC, Sevilla J (2001) The effect of health on economic growth: theory and evidence. https://doi.org/10.3386/w8587
De Domenico M, Solé-Ribalta A, Cozzo E, Kivelä M, Moreno Y, Porter MA, Gómez S, Arenas A (2013) Mathematical formulation of multilayer networks. Physic Rev X 3(4):041022. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.3.041022
De Domenico M, Granell C, Porter MA, Arenas A (2016) The physics of spreading processes in multilayer networks. Nat Phys 12(10):901–906. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3865
Deal TEG (2019) Communication from the commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1588580774040&uri=CELEX:52019DC0640
Development OfEC-oa (2 March 2020) OECD interim economic assessment coronavirus: the world economy at risk. Paris, France
Development UNCoTa (9 March 2020) The coronavirus shock: a story of another global crisis, foretold and policymaker should be doing about it. Geneva, Switzerland
Fathi N, Rezaei N (2020) Lymphopenia in COVID-19: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int 44(9):1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11403
Faulkner J, Schaller M, Park J, Duncan L (2004) Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes. Group Proc & Amp Intergroup Relation 7:333–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430204046142
Federation BP (20 March 2020) Survey on the effects of coronavirus on the UK plastics industry. London
Fernandes N (2020) Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3557504 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
Fernando WJMaR (2020) The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-global-macroeconomic-impacts-of-covid-19-seven-scenarios/
Fincher CL, Thornhill R, Murray DR, Schaller M (2008) Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism. Proc Biol Sci 275(1640):1279–1285. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0094
Gao J, Buldyrev SV, Stanley HE, Havlin S (2012) Networks formed from interdependent networks. Nat Phys 8(1):40–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2180
Griskevicius V, Delton AW, Robertson TE, Tybur JM (2011) Environmental contingency in life history strategies: the influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on reproductive timing. J Pers Soc Psychol 100(2):241–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021082
Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, Tan K-S, Wang D-Y, Yan Y (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Haacker M (2004, November 19) The macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS: international monetary fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aids/eng/
Hanaei S, Rezaei N (2020) COVID-19: developing from an outbreak to a pandemic. Arch Med Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.021
Hellewell J, Abbott S, Gimma A, Bosse NI, Jarvis CI, Russell TW, Munday JD, Kucharski AJ, Edmunds WJ, Funk S, Eggo RM (2020) Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health 8(4):e488–e496. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30074-7
Hessami A, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, Pourali F, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Moosazadeh M, et al (2020) Cardiovascular diseases burden in COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med S0735–6757(20)30908–6
Jabbari P, Rezaei N (2020) With risk of reinfection, is COVID-19 Here to stay? Disaster Med Public Health Prep 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.274
Jabbari P, Jabbari F, Ebrahimi S, Rezaei N (2020) COVID-19: a chimera of two pandemics. Disaster Med Public Health Prep:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.223
Jahanshahlu L, Rezaei N (2020a) Central nervous system involvement in COVID-19. Arch Med Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.016
Jahanshahlu L, Rezaei N (2020b) Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 129:110337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110337
Jamison DT, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Mock CN, Nugent R (2017) Disease control priorities, third edition: volume 9. Improving health and reducing poverty, 3rd edn. World Bank Publications, Washington DC
Kafieh R, Arian R, Saeedizadeh N, Minaee S, Yadav SK, Vaezi A, Rezaei N, Javanmard SH (2020) COVID-19 in Iran: a deeper look into the future. medRxiv
Kivelä M, Arenas A, Barthelemy M, Gleeson JP, Moreno Y, Porter MA (2014) Multilayer networks. J Complex Network 2(3):203–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016
Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, Liu Y, Edmunds J, Funk S, Eggo RM (2020) Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 20(5):553–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30144-4
Lai S, Ruktanonchai NW, Zhou L, Prosper O, Luo W, Floyd JR, Wesolowski A, Santillana M, Zhang C, Du X, Yu H, Tatem AJ (2020) Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2293-x
Laing T (2020) The economic impact of the coronavirus 2019 (Covid-2019): implications for the mining industry. Extractive Indus & Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.003
Le Quéré C, Jackson RB, Jones MW, Smith AJP, Abernethy S, Andrew RM, De-Gol AJ, Willis DR, Shan Y, Canadell JG, Friedlingstein P, Creutzig F, Peters GP (2020) Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nat Clim Chang. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x
Liu JT, Hammitt JK, Wang JD, Tsou MW (2005) Valuation of the risk of SARS in Taiwan. Health Econ 14(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.911
Lotfi M, Rezaei N (2020) SARS-CoV-2: a comprehensive review from pathogenicity of the virus to clinical consequences. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26123
Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N (2020) COVID-19: transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clinica chimica acta. Int J Clinic Chem 508:254–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044
Maliszewska M (2014) The economic impact of the 2014 Ebola epidemic: short and medium term estimates for West Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC
Mansourabadi AH, Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Rezaei N (2020) The immune system as a target for therapy of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of the current immunotherapies for COVID-19. Life Sci 258:118185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118185
Maynard A, Bloor K (2009) The economic impact of pandemic influenza. Br Med J 339(7733). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4888
McKee M, Stuckler D (2020) If the world fails to protect the economy, COVID-19 will damage health not just now but also in the future. Nat Med 26(5):640–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0863-y
McKibbin W, Sidorenko A (2006) Global macroeconomic consequences of pandemic influenza. Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University
Medicine Io (2004) Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak: workshop summary. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/10915
Moazzami B, Razavi-Khorasani N, Dooghaie Moghadam A, Farokhi E, Rezaei N (2020) COVID-19 and telemedicine: immediate action required for maintaining healthcare providers well-being. J Clinic Virol: Official Pub Pan Am Soc Clinic Virol 126:104345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104345
Mohamed K, Rodríguez-Román E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, Makka SA, Joya M, Makuku R, Islam MS, Radwan N, Rahmah L, Goda R, Abarikwu SO, Shaw M, Zoghi S, Irtsyan S, Ling I, Cseprekal O, Faten AB, Hazar Sayar E, Soloukey C, Grancini G, Rezaei N (2020a) Borderless collaboration is needed for COVID-19 – a disease that knows no borders. Infection control and hospital epidemiology: 1–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.162
Mohamed K, Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020b) Computational drug discovery and repurposing for the treatment of Covid-19: a systematic review. Available at SSRN 3583748
Momtazmanesh S, Ochs HD, Uddin LQ, Perc M, Routes JM, Vieira DN, Al-Herz W, Baris S, Prando C, Rosivall L, Abdul Latiff AH, Ulrichs T, Roudenok V, Aldave Becerra JC, Salunke DB, Goudouris E, Condino-Neto A, Stashchak A, Kryvenko O, Stashchak M, Bondarenko A, Rezaei N (2020) All together to fight COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102(6):1181–1183. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0281
Moradian N, Ochs HD, Sedikies C, Hamblin MR, Camargo CA Jr, Martinez JA, Biamonte JD, Abdollahi M, Torres PJ, Nieto JJ, Ogino S, Seymour JF, Abraham A, Cauda V, Gupta S, Ramakrishna S, Sellke FW, Sorooshian A, Wallace Hayes A, Martinez-Urbistondo M, Gupta M, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A, Kelishadi R, Esteghamati A, Emam-Djomeh Z, Majdzadeh R, Palit P, Badali H, Rao I, Saboury AA, Jagan Mohan Rao L, Ahmadieh H, Montazeri A, Fadini GP, Pauly D, Thomas S, Moosavi-Movahed AA, Aghamohammadi A, Behmanesh M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ghavami S, Mehran R, Uddin LQ, Von Herrath M, Mobasher B, Rezaei N (2020) The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Transl Med 18(1):205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02364-2
Murray DR, Trudeau R, Schaller M (2011) On the origins of cultural differences in conformity: four tests of the pathogen prevalence hypothesis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 37(3):318–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210394451
Nasab MG, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020) SARS-CoV-2-a tough opponent for the immune system. Arch Med Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.020
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R (2020) The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Int J Surg:S1743–9191(1720)30316–30312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
O’Donnell KNAJ (April 2 2020) Thousands of US medical workers furloughed, laid off as routine patient visits drop during coronavirus pandemic. USA TODAY NETWORK. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/04/02/coronavirus-pandemic-jobs-us-health-care-workers-furloughed-laid-off/5102320002/. Accessed 20 May 2020
Organization WH (2020) Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/epidemic_status/deaths_text/en/
Organization WH WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (n.d.). http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic
Pashaei M, Rezaei N (2020) Immunotherapy for SARS-CoV-2: potential opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1807933
Pourahmad R, Moazzami B, Rezaei N (2020) Efficacy of Plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG) on patients with COVID-19. SN Comprehen Clinic Med:1–5
Prospects WE (April 2020) World GDP to fall 2.8% in 2020, exceeding financial crisis toll. https://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/hubfs/WEP/WEPM%20April%202020%20pdf.pdf
Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Bagherzadeh M, Rezaei N (2020) COVID-19 and picotechnology: potential opportunities. Med Hypotheses 144:109917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109917
Radicchi F (2014) Driving interconnected networks to supercriticality. Physic Rev X 4(2):021014. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021014
Radicchi F, Arenas A (2013) Abrupt transition in the structural formation of interconnected networks. Nat Phys 9(11):717–720. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2761
Reinicke CMI (March 2020) Goldman Sachs now says US GDP will shrink 24% next quarter amid the coronavirus pandemic – which would be 2.5 times bigger than any decline in history. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/us-gdp-drop-record-2q-amid-coronavirus-recession-goldman-sachs-2020-3-1029018308
Rezaei N (2020a) COVID-19 affects healthy pediatricians more than pediatric patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.139
Rezaei N (2020b) COVID-19 and medical biotechnology. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 12(3):139
Rokni M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N (2020) Cytokines and COVID-19: friends or foes? Hum Vaccin Immunother 16:2363–2365
Rugani B, Caro D (2020) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak measures of lockdown on the Italian carbon footprint. Sci Total Environ 737:139806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139806
Rzymski P, Nowicki M, Mullin GE, Abraham A, Rodríguez-Román E, Petzold MB, Bendau A, Sahu KK, Ather A, Naviaux A-F (2020) Quantity does not equal quality: scientific principles cannot be sacrificed. Int Immunopharmacol 86:106711
Sachs J, Malaney P (2002) The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415(6872):680–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/415680a
Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020a) Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus – a perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 16(5):465–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666x.2020.1750954
Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020b) Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. Int Immunopharmacol 84:106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106560
Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD, Rezaei N, Cerny J (2020) Challenges for management of immune thrombocytopenia during COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26251
Saleki K, Banazadeh M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020) The involvement of the central nervous system in patients with COVID-19. Rev Neurosci 31(4):453–456. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0026
Satiani B, Zigrang TA, Bailey-Wheaton JL (2020) COVID-19 financial resources for physicians. J Vasc Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.482
Schaller M, Park J (2011) The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Curr Dir Psychol Sci 20:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402596
Sharifkashani S, Bafrani MA, Khaboushan AS, Pirzadeh M, Kheirandish A, Yavarpour Bali H, Hessami A, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and SARS-CoV-2: potential therapeutic targeting. Eur J Pharmacol 884:173455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173455
Tollefson J (2020) How the coronavirus pandemic slashed carbon emissions – in five graphs. Nature 582(7811):158–159. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01497-0
Tybur JM, Inbar Y, Aarøe L, Barclay P, Barlow FK, de Barra M, Becker DV, Borovoi L, Choi I, Choi JA, Consedine NS, Conway A, Conway JR, Conway P, Adoric VC, Demirci DE, Fernández AM, Ferreira DC, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Ji T, van Leeuwen F, Lewis DM, Li NP, McIntyre JC, Mukherjee S, Park JH, Pawlowski B, Petersen MB, Pizarro D, Prodromitis G, Prokop P, Rantala MJ, Reynolds LM, Sandin B, Sevi B, De Smet D, Srinivasan N, Tewari S, Wilson C, Yong JC, Žeželj I (2016) Parasite stress and pathogen avoidance relate to distinct dimensions of political ideology across 30 nations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(44):12408–12413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607398113
Varnum MEW, Grossmann I (2016) Pathogen prevalence is associated with cultural changes in gender equality. Nat Hum Behav 1(1):0003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0003
Varnum MEW, Grossmann I (2017) Cultural change: the how and the why. Perspect Psychol Sci 12(6):956–972. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699971
Vespignani A (2010) The fragility of interdependency. Nature 464(7291):984–985. https://doi.org/10.1038/464984a
Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N (2020a) The immune system and COVID-19: friend or foe? Life Sci 256:117900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900
Yazdanpanah N, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N (2020b) Anosmia: a missing link in the neuroimmunology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rev Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0039
Yousefzadegan S, Rezaei N (2020) Case report: death due to COVID-19 in three brothers. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102(6):1203–1204. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0240
Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ (2020a) Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents 55(5):105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954
Zhang J, Litvinova M, Liang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao S, Wu Q, Merler S, Viboud C, Vespignani A, Ajelli M, Yu H (2020b) Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science: eabb8001. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8001
Zhang J, Litvinova M, Wang W, Wang Y, Deng X, Chen X, Li M, Zheng W, Yi L, Chen X, Wu Q, Liang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Sun K, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME, Wu P, Cowling BJ, Merler S, Viboud C, Vespignani A, Ajelli M, Yu H (2020c) Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30230-9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kolahchi, Z. et al. (2021). COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1318. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63760-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63761-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)