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Ecology and Conservation of Pinnipeds in Latin America pp 93–118Cite as

South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens, Shaw 1800)

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Abstract

The South American sea lion is distributed almost continuously from Zorritos, Peru, on the Pacific Ocean to Torres, Brazil, on the Atlantic Ocean. The total population was estimated at 445,000 individuals, and the species is considered as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List. Two evolutionarily significant units were recognized based on molecular data, a Pacific and an Atlantic population, with at least two management units in each ocean basin. The species is polygynous and sexually dimorphic, with males being larger and heavier than females. Reproduction occurs during the austral summer, between mid-December and early February. Longevity is close to 20 years for both sexes in free and captive life. The sea lion is an opportunistic species that predates mainly on pelagic, demersal, and benthic species of fish, squids, and crustaceans, some of them of commercial importance. Sea lions were used by aboriginal people as far as 8000 YBP and more recently by Europeans and local inhabitants until the first half of the twentieth century, mainly for food, leather, and oil. After the cease of hunting, the current major threat for sea lions has been the interaction with all types of fisheries and salmon farms. These include the huge extraction of fish biomass of which many target species are prey of sea lions. Fishermen claim across the entire distribution of the species that sea lions are their competitors, which cause them significant economic loss. Environmental education and sea lion watching tourism at haul-out sites are recommended in order to promote conservation of the species.

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Acknowledgments

The authors want to thank CONICET, ANPCyT, FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq, Amnéville Zoo, UNP, and UNISINOS for supporting us and our students for almost 37 years of research and conservation. To our colleagues from CENPAT and Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS) for sharing their field work and papers. We thank Doris Oliva and René Durán for sharing their unpublished information on the present status of sea lion and fur seal populations. To Cesar Drehmer for his collaboration in the analysis of the scientific name of the South American sea lion and to Néstor A. García, Fernando Lopes, and Alejandra Romero for their help in drawing figures. Two anonymous reviewers increased the quality of the original manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Mamíferos Marinos, CESIMAR-CCT CENPAT-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    Enrique Alberto Crespo

  2. Mammal Ecology Lab, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, Brazil

    Larissa Rosa de Oliveira

  3. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

    Maritza Sepúlveda

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  1. Enrique Alberto Crespo
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  2. Larissa Rosa de Oliveira
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  3. Maritza Sepúlveda
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Correspondence to Enrique Alberto Crespo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico

    Gisela Heckel

  2. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico

    Yolanda Schramm

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Crespo, E.A., de Oliveira, L.R., Sepúlveda, M. (2021). South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens, Shaw 1800). In: Heckel, G., Schramm, Y. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Pinnipeds in Latin America. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63177-2_6

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