Abstract
This work investigates possible methods of adding security features to building automation networks in the form of intrusion or tamper detection by using the physical layer. This is a concept that is widely known in the field of wireless communications but is—as of now—less prevalent in wired environments. We propose three distinct and complementary methods which rely on electrical fingerprinting of devices and the communication medium, as well as active radio-frequency probing of the network. To assess their effectiveness, we conduct a series of experiments in a building automation system test environment.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
scikit-learn is freely available at scikit-learn.org.
References
Abdi, H., Williams, L.J.: Principal component analysis. WIREs Comput. Stat. 2(4), 433–459 (2010)
Bagci, I.E., Roedig, U., Martinovic, I., Schulz, M., Hollick, M.: Using channel state information for tamper detection in the internet of things. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 131–140. Association for Computing Machinery, Los Angeles (2015)
Bevan, D.D., Averin, I., Lysyakov, D.: RF fingerprinting for location estimation. US Patent 8,170,815 B2 (USA). R.B. LP. May 1, 2012. http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=8170815. Accessed 14 Feb 2020
Brik, V., Banerjee, S., Gruteser, M., Oh, S.: Wireless device identification with radiometric signatures. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 116–127. Association for Computing Machinery, San Francisco (2008)
Campos, R.S., Lovisolo, L.: RF fingerprinting location techniques (chap. 15). In: Handbook of Position Location, pp. 487–520. Wiley (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118104750. ISBN 9781118104750
Corrigan, S.: Introduction to the Controller Area Network (CAN). SLOA101B. Application Report. Texas Instruments Incorporated, May 2016. https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sloa101b/sloa101b.pdf. Accessed 07 Feb 2020
Fisher, D., Isler, B., Osborne, M.: BACnet Secure Connect. A Secure Infrastructure for Building Automation. White Paper, version 15. ASHRAE SSPC 135 IT Working Group (2019). https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20Resources/Bookstore/BACnet-SC-Whitepaper-v15_Final_20190521.pdf. Accessed 03 Apr 2020
Gerdes, R.M., Mina, M., Russell, S.F., Daniels, T.E.: Physical-layer identification of wired ethernet devices. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(4), 1339–1353 (2012)
Granzer, W., Praus, F., Kastner, W.: Security in building automation systems. IEEE Tran. Ind. Electron. 57(11), 3622–3630 (2010)
Gray, P.R., Hurst, P.J., Lewis, S.H., Meyer, R.G.: Noise in integrated circuits (chap. 11). In: Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, 5th edn., pp. 736–795. Wiley, January 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-24599-6
KNX on track for success again in 2019: Sector Coupling and IoT in focus. Press Release, KNX Association Cvba (2019). https://media.knx.org/feed/file/1050. Accessed 13 Feb 2020
Lackner, G., Payer, U., Teufl, P.: Combating wireless LAN MAC-layer address spoofing with fingerprinting methods. Int. J. Netw. Secur. 9(2), 164–172 (2009)
Leach, T.: Implementing a BACnet network. ASHRAE J. 59(3), 40–48 (2017)
Maes, R., Verbauwhede, I.: Physically unclonable functions: a study on the state of the art and future research directions. In: Sadeghi, A.R., Naccache, D. (eds.) Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security. ISC, pp. 3–37. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14452-3_1. ISBN 978-3-642-14452-3
Maximum data protection for smart buildings. Press Release, KNX Association Cvba (2017). https://media.knx.org/feed/file/918. Accessed 03 Apr 2020
Mundt, T., Krüger, F., Wollenberg, T.: Who refuses to wash hands? Privacy issues in modern house installation networks. In: 2012 Seventh International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications, pp. 271–277 (2012)
NCN5121. Transceiver for KNX Twisted Pair Networks. Rev. 2. Datasheet. Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, August 2019. https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/NCN5121-D.PDF. Accessed 17 Feb 2020
PROFIBUS System Description. Technology and Application. 4.332. PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e. V. (PNO), April 2016. https://www.profibus.com/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=52380&token=4868812e468cd5e71d2a07c7b3da955b47a8e10d Accessed 07 Feb 2020
Sokollik, F., Helm, P., Seela, R.: KNX für die Gebäudesystemtechnik in Wohnund Zweckbau. VDE Verlag GmbH (2017)
Szmulewicz, D.: Using MSP on KNX Systems. SWRA497. Application Report. Texas Instruments Incorporated. December 2015. http://www.ti.com/lit/an/swra497/swra497. pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2020
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Wei, X., Wang, G.: Identification and authentication for wireless transmission security based on RF-DNA fingerprint. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2019, 230 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1544-8
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by a grant from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy in accordance with a resolution passed by the German federal parliament.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zdziarstek, A., Brekenfelder, W., Eibisch, F. (2020). Using the Physical Layer to Detect Attacks on Building Automation Networks. In: Park, N., Sun, K., Foresti, S., Butler, K., Saxena, N. (eds) Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. SecureComm 2020. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 336. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63095-9_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63095-9_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63094-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63095-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)