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The Road to a European Community Education Policy (1957–1970)

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Education and Solidarity in the European Union

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Abstract

This chapter details the role of education during the establishment of the European Community following the signing of the Treaties of Rome. It identifies the lack of a formal role for education within the treaties, which is not consistent with the level of discussion surrounding education outlined in the previous chapter. Nevertheless, links to matters that relate to education in the Treaty of Rome are uncovered, namely training within agricultural policy and vocational training, opening the door to a role for education in European integration in a way that reflects the notion of spillover. The chapter identifies a shift from the cultural attachment to education that had been present in pre-European Community discussions, towards alignment with the economic-oriented objectives of the Community to reinforce the labour market through vocational training.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Treaty of Rome, article 2.

  2. 2.

    Treaty of Rome, article 3c.

  3. 3.

    Education in the European Community, Commission of the European Communities, doc. COM(74) 253 final/2, Brussels, 14 March 1974 (CES/1974-20.63.01, HAEU).

  4. 4.

    Treaty of Rome, article 48.

  5. 5.

    Treaty of Rome, article 50.

  6. 6.

    Treaty of Rome, article 123.

  7. 7.

    Treaty of Rome, article 128.

  8. 8.

    Council Decision of 2 April 1963 laying down general principles for implementing a common vocational training policy, Official Journal of the European Communities, 1338/63 (63/266/EEC), 20 April 1963.

  9. 9.

    Les échanges universitaires et l’Université Européenne, Rapport à l’Assemblée Consultative du Conseil de l’Europe, doc.2831, 18 septembre 1970 (EUI 8, HAEU).

  10. 10.

    European Convention on the equivalence of diplomas leading to admission to universities, 11 December 1953, Documents of Henri Cartan (HC-64, HAEU).

  11. 11.

    Response à la question écrite No.293/68 posée par M. Couste, 1969, Assemblée parlementaire européenne et Parlement européen avant l’élection directe (PEO-9671, HAEU).

  12. 12.

    Les échanges universitaires et l’Université Européenne, Rapport à l’Assemblée Consultative du Conseil de l’Europe, doc.2831, 18 septembre 1970 (EUI 8, HAEU).

  13. 13.

    Les échanges universitaires et l’Université Européenne, Rapport à l’Assemblée Consultative du Conseil de l’Europe, doc.2831, 18 septembre 1970 (EUI 8, HAEU).

  14. 14.

    Rapport du Comité Intérimaire aux Conseils de la Communauté Economique Européenne et de la Communauté Européenne de l’Énergie Atomique, Comité Intérimaire pour l’Université Européenne, Florence, 27 April 1960, Doc.EUR/C/1408/60f, C.I.U. 86/60 (CEAB12-631, HAEU).

  15. 15.

    Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs.

  16. 16.

    Extrait du process-verbal de la réunion restreinte du Conseil de la Communauté Économique Européenne, tenue à Bruxelles 20–21 juin 1960, apprové le 27 septembre 1960, doc. 629/60 (CEAB12-631, HAEU).

  17. 17.

    The Netherlands had already established a system of the recognition of diplomas obtained in other countries, having applied the Treaty of the Council of Europe (Treaty of Paris, 11 December 1953) (Annex III—Équivalences reconnues aux Pays-Bas et etudes en cours en vue to parvenir à une reconnaissance des diplômes et certificats étrangers, contribution de la délegation néerlandaise, Project note: Reconnaissance mutuelle des diplômes, doc. R/985/71, Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier, 24 mai 1971 (CEAB12-2422, HAEU).

  18. 18.

    Reconnaissances des diplomes et certificats érangers: distribution de la delegation néerlandaise, doc. 1957/70 (BAC 9/1973-50, HAEU).

  19. 19.

    Italy signed cultural conventions with Belgium (29 November 1948) and France (4 November 1949), cultural agreements with Turkey (17 July 1951), the UK (28 November 1951) and Japan (31 July 1954), and general agreements with Equator (7 March 1952), Austria (14 March 1952) and Switzerland (for engineers and architects on 5 May 1934).

    Belgium signed agreements with the Netherlands (14 January 1946), France (22 February 1946), the UK (17 April 1946), Norway (20 February 1948), Luxembourg (27 March 1948), Italy (29 November 1948), Egypt (28 November 1949), Austria (17 October 1952) and Greece (9 December 1954).

    France signed agreements with Iran (a general cultural agreement on 25 April 1929), Denmark (14 January 1930), Sweden (specifically on the equivalence of exams and qualifications on 3 June 1936), Greece (on intellectual and artistic relations on 19 December 1938), Belgium (22 February 1946), the Netherlands (19 November 1946), Austria (15 March 1947), Turkey (17 June 1952), Brazil (6 December 1948), Sarre (15 December 1948), the UK (2 March 1948), Italy (4 November 1949), Colombia (a convention for cultural exchanges on 31 July 1952), Japan (12 May 1953), Norway (4 December 1953), Luxembourg (8 February 1954), Germany (23 October 1954), Canada (an inter-university agreement between the Universities of Paris and Montreal on 10 June 1952 in Montreal and 26 June 1925 in Paris), and the UK (an inter-university agreement between the University of Paris and fifteen UK universities on 23 March 1925).

    Germany signed agreements with Spain (10 December 1954) and France (23 October 1954). The Netherlands signed cultural agreements with France (19 November 1946) and the UK (7 July 1948), and cultural agreements with Belgium (14 January 1946), Luxembourg (26 April 1946) and Norway (18 May 1955). Documents concerning the equivalence of university qualifications, International Association of Universities (CM2/1958-949, HAEU).

  20. 20.

    Rapporteur: M. Hougardy, Assemblée parlementaire européenne et Parlement européen avant l’élection directe (PEO-1021, HAEU).

  21. 21.

    Rapport sur la reconnaissance mutuelle des diplômes, certificats et autres titres, 18 août 1969, document 87, Assemblée parlementaire européenne et Parlement européen avant l’élection directe (PEO-1021, HAEU).

  22. 22.

    75 European University News, July 1974, Division Information Universitaire, Direction Générale Presse, Informations de la Commission des Communautés Européennes (EUI-8, HAEU).

  23. 23.

    ‘Reconnaissances Mutuelles des Diplômes’, 75 European University News, July 1974, Division Information Universitaire, Direction Générale Presse, Informations de la Commission des Communautés Européennes (EUI-8, HAEU).

  24. 24.

    75 European University News, July 1974, Division Information Universitaire, Direction Générale Presse, Informations de la Commission des Communautés Européennes (EUI-8, HAEU).

  25. 25.

    Les échanges universitaires et l’Université Européenne, Rapport à l’Assemblée Consultative du Conseil de l’Europe, doc.2831, 18 septembre 1970 (EUI 8, HAEU).

  26. 26.

    Projet: Rapport du Groupe ad hoc des hauts fonctionnaires compétent en matière d’éducation nationale, doc. T/742 f/70, 1970 (BAC 9/1973-50, HAEU).

  27. 27.

    Project note: Reconnaissance mutuelle des diplômes, doc. R/985/71, Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier, 24 mai 1971 (CEAB12-2422, HAEU).

  28. 28.

    Annex I—Extrait – Mémorandum de la République fédérale d’Allemagne concernant la coopération européenne en matière d’éducation nationale, Project note: Reconnaissance mutuelle des diplômes, doc. R/985/71, Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier, 24 mai 1971 (CEAB12-2422, HAEU).

  29. 29.

    Annex II—Etat des travaux concernant la mise en oeuvre de l’article 57 du Traité de Rome, Project note: Reconnaissance mutuelle des diplômes, doc. R/985/71, Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l’Acier, 24 mai 1971 (CEAB12-2422, HAEU).

  30. 30.

    Propositions visant à la création d’une Communauté Scientifique Européenne, juillet 1958 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  31. 31.

    La recherche scientifique: organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, doc. AE/8/59, Council of Europe, 6 novembre 1959 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  32. 32.

    La recherche scientifique: organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, doc. AE/8/59, Council of Europe, 6 novembre 1959 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  33. 33.

    The “Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique” was an institution for public use created on 2 June 1928. It is independent of the State and is subsidised by the private sector and State subsidies (CM2/1960-756, HAEU).

  34. 34.

    The ‘Institut pour l’Encouragement de la Recherche Scientifique dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture’ is a public institution that is dependent on the Ministries of Economic Affairs and of Agriculture, created on 27 December 1944 and is responsible for encouraging applied research in industry and agriculture. Its resources are provided by the government (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  35. 35.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  36. 36.

    The Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft was created in September 1949 in Frankfurt by the German economic circles, with the aim of collecting funds for the development of science and research (CM2/1960-756, HAEU).

  37. 37.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  38. 38.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  39. 39.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  40. 40.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  41. 41.

    Article 55: (1) The High Authority shall encourage technical and economic research concerning the production and the development of consumption of coal and steel, as well as labour safety in these industries. To this end, it shall establish all appropriate contacts among existing research organisations. (2) After consultation with the Consultative Committee, the High Authority may initiate and facilitate the development of such research work: (a) by encouraging joint financing by the interested enterprises; or (b) by earmarking for that purpose any grants it may receive; or (c) with the concurrence of the Council by earmarking for that purpose funds derived from the levies provided for in Article 50, without, however, going beyond the ceiling defined in section 2 of that article. The results of the research financed under the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (c) above shall be placed at the disposal of all interested parties in the Community. (3) The High Authority shall make all useful suggestions for the dissemination of technical improvements, particularly with regard to the exchange of patents and the granting of licenses. (Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, Paris, 18 April 1951, www.cvce.eu.)

  42. 42.

    Note: La recherche scientifique: Organisation, efforts financiers et coopération internationale, Bruxelles, 6 novembre 1959, doc. AE/8/59 (CM2/1959-873, HAEU).

  43. 43.

    Note: La recherché scientifique: plan d’une action concertée des pays membres de la Communauté Européenne, Bruxelles, 16 novembre 1959 (CM2/1960-873).

  44. 44.

    Assemblée Parlementaire Européenne, Commission de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, 1960 (CEAB-12-631, HAEU).

  45. 45.

    Documents sur colloque de Grenoble, 29–31 octobre 1970 (CIFE-367, HAEU).

  46. 46.

    Document de travail introductif élaboré par Gilbert Caty et Henry Lesguillons (Université de Grenoble, 29–31 octobre 1970) (CIFE-367, HAEU).

  47. 47.

    Commission I—Rapport présenté par M. H. Schulte (Directeur de l’Office Allemand d’Echanges Universitaires à Paris), Université de Grenoble, 29–31 octobre 1970 (CIFE-367, HAEU).

  48. 48.

    Commission I—Rapport présenté par M. H. Schulte (Directeur de l’Office Allemand d’Echanges Universitaires à Paris), Université de Grenoble, 29–31 octobre 1970 (CIFE-367, HAEU).

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  1. European University Institute, Florence, Italy

    Sarah K. St. John

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Correspondence to Sarah K. St. John .

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St. John, S.K. (2021). The Road to a European Community Education Policy (1957–1970). In: Education and Solidarity in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63042-3_3

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