Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reproduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: Biology, Ecology, Distribution, and Management

Part of the book series: Fish & Fisheries Series ((FIFI,volume 39))

Abstract

Lake charr Salvelinus namaycush are typically fall spawners although one ecotype has populations that spawn during spring and fall (siscowets in Lake Superior). Lake charr are iteroparous (reproduce more than once in a lifetime) with group-synchronous ovarian development and typically spawn once per year. However, lake charr may not reproduce every year, a phenomenon known as skipped spawning. Free embryos are active on spawning reefs, make diurnal vertical movements from spawning substrate, and feed exogenously much earlier than previously assumed. The abundance of food and predators strongly affects the rate of development, yolk sac absorption, and duration of residence on spawning sites. The necessity for, and timing of, gas bladder inflation, and mechanisms for inflation without access to the surface, need further study. The low survival of free embryos due to thiamine deficiency has likely contributed to the lack of recruitment of lake charr in the Laurentian Great Lakes for decades. Thiaminase, a thiamine-degrading enzyme, appears to be the causal agent for thiamine deficiency in Great Lakes lake charr.

Stephen C. Riley is retired at the time of publication.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe M, Ito S, Kimoto M, Hayashi R, Nishimune T (1987) Molecular studies on thiaminase-I. Biochim Biophys Acta 909:213–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agassiz L (1850) Lake Superior: its physical character, vegetation and animals. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahlgren G, Van Nieuwerburgh L, Wanstrand I, Pedersen M, Boberg M, Snoeijs P (2005) Imbalance of fatty acids in the base of the Baltic Sea food web – a mesocosm study. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:2240–2253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alanara A (1993) Significance of substrate and the timing of start-feeding in alevins of arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Aquaculture 116:47–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JD, Walker GK, Adams JV, Nichols SJ, Edsall CC (2005) Embryonic developmental progression in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (Walbaum, 1792) and its relation to lake temperature. J Great Lakes Res 31:187–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arsan OM, Malyarevskaya AY (1969) The effect of food on thiaminase activity and the content of thiamine in the liver and intestine of silver carp. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 5:79–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagenal TB (1978) Aspects in fish fecundity. In: Gerking SD (ed) Ecology of freshwater fish production. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 75–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird OE, Krueger CC (2000) Behavior of lake trout sac fry: vertical movement at different developmental stages. J Great Lakes Res 26:141–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, NA, Sallfeld, RW, Dochoda, MR, Buettner, HJ, Eshenroder, RL, O’Gorman, R (2018) Commercial fish production in the Great Lakes 1867–2015 http://www.glfc.org/great-lakes-databases.php

  • Balk L, Hagerroth PA, Akerman G, Hanson M, Tjarnlund U, Hansson T, Hallgrimsson GT, Zebuhr Y, Broman D, Morner T, Sundberg H (2009) Wild birds of declining European species are dying from a thiamine deficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12001–12006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balk L, Hagerroth PA, Gustavsson H, Sigg L, Akerman G, Munoz YR, Honeyfield DC, Tjarnlund U, Oliveira K, Strom K, McCormick SD, Karlsson S, Strom M, van Manen M, Berg AL, Halldorsson HP, Stromquist J, Collier TK, Borjeson H, Morner T, Hansson T (2016) Widespread episodic thiamine deficiency in Northern Hemisphere wildlife. Sci Rep-Uk 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball HE (1988) The dynamics of a polyphagous lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), population in a northwestern Ontario lake. MS, Lakehead university, Thunder Bay, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Balon EK (1975) Terminology of intervals in fish development. J Fish Res Board Can 32:1663–1670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balon EK (1980) Early ontogeny of the lake charr, Salvelinus (Cristovomer) namaycush. In: Balon EK (ed) Charrs, salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus. Dr W Junk Publishing, Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettendorff L (2013) Thiamine. In: Handbook of vitamins, 5th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 267–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Birger TI, Malyarevskaya AY, Arsan OM (1973) Etiology of the Haff (Yuksov-Sartlan) disease. Hydrobiol J 9:71–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder TR, Ellen Marsden J, Kornis MS, Goetz FW, Hellström G, Bronte CR, Gunn JM, Krueger CC (2021) Movement and behavioual ecology. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchfield PJ, Ridgway MS (1997) Reproductive timing and use of redd sites by lake-spawning brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:747–756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter JHS (1988) Pattern and variety in development. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ (eds) Fish physiology, vol XI part A. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd JW, Walton JR (1977) Cerebrocortical necrosis in ruminants – attempt to identify source of thiaminase in affected animals. J Comp Pathol 87:581–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromage N, Porter M, Randall C (2001) The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin. Aquaculture 197:63–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronte CR (1993) Evidence of spring spawning lake trout in Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res 19:625–629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronte CR, Ebener MP, Schreiner DR, DeVault DS, Petzold MM, Jensen DA, Richards C, Lozano SJ (2003) Fish community change in lake superior, 1970–2000. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 60:1552–1574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronte CR, Krueger CC, Holey ME, Toneys ML, Eshenroder RL, Jonas JL (2008) A guide for the rehabilitation of lake trout in Lake Michigan. Great Lakes fish Comm Misc Publ 2008-01

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown EH, Eck GW, Foster NR, Horrall RM, Coberly CE (1981) Historical evidence for discrete stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:1747–1758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown SB, Brown LR, Brown M, Moore K, Villella M, Fitzsimons JD, Williston B, Honeyfield DC, Hinterkopf JP, Tillitt DE, Zajicek JL, Wolgamood M (2005a) Effectiveness of egg immersion in aqueous solutions of thiamine and thiamine analogs for reducing early mortality syndrome. J Aquat Anim Health 17:106–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown SB, Fitzsimons JD, Honeyfield DC, Tillitt DE (2005b) Implications of thiamine deficiency in Great Lakes Salmonines. J Aquat Anim Health 17:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown SB, Honeyfield DC, Hnath JG, Wolgamood M, Marcquenski SV, Fitzsimons JD, Tillitt DE (2005c) Thiamine status in adult salmonines in the great lakes. J Aquat Anim Health 17:59–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham-Curtis M (1993) Intralacustrine speciation of Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior: an investigation of genetic and morphological variation and evolution of lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes. PhD, University of Michigan

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham-Curtis MK, Smith GR (1994) Osteological evidence of genetic-divergence of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior. Copeia 1994:843–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burr JM (1987) Synopsis and bibliography of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game fishery manuscript no. 5, pp. 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Campana SE, Casselman JM, Jones CM (2008) Bomb radiocarbon chronologies in the Arctic, with implications for the age validation of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and other Arctic species. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 65:733–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson AR, Siefert RE (1974) Effects of reduced oxygen on embryos and larvae of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). J Fish Res Board Can 31:1393–1396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho PSM, Tillitt DE, Zajicek JL, Claunch RA, Honeyfield DC, Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB (2009) Thiamine deficiency effects on the vision and foraging ability of lake trout fry. J Aquat Anim Health 21:315–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casselman JM (1995) Survival and development of lake trout eggs and fry in eastern Lake Ontario – in situ incubation, Yorkshire Bar, 1989–1993. J Great Lakes Res 21:384–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupnicki MA, Ketola HG, Zehfus MH, Crosswait JR, Rinchard J, McKenna JE (2010) Thiamine status and culture of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from Owasco Lake. New York J Freshwater Ecol 25:211–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavarie L, Howland K, Venturelli P, Kissinger BC, Tallman R, Tonn W (2016) Life-history variation among four shallow-water morphotypes of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada. J Great Lakes Res 42:193–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavarie L, Adams CE, Swanson HK, Ridgway MS, Tonn WM, Wilson CC (2021) Ecological diversity. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Chotkowski MA, Marsden JE (1999) Round goby and mottled sculpin predation on lake trout eggs and fry: field predictions from laboratory experiments. J Great Lakes Res 25:26–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claramunt RM, Jonas JL, Fitzsimons JD, Marsden JE (2005) Influences of spawning habitat characteristics and interstitial predators on lake trout egg deposition and mortality. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:1048–1057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark RD, Bence JR, Claramunt RM, Clevenger JA, Kornis MS, Bronte CR, Madenjian CP, Roseman EF (2017) Changes in movements of chinook salmon between Lakes Huron and Michigan after alewife population collapse. N Am J Fish Manage 37:1311–1331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook PM, Robbins JA, Endicott DD, Lodge KB, Guiney PD, Walker MK, Zabel EW, Peterson RE (2003) Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated early life stage toxicity on lake trout populations in Lake Ontario during the 20th century. Environ Sci Technol 37:3864–3877

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig PC, Wells J (1975) Fisheries investigations in the Chandalar River region, Northeast Alaska. In: Craig PS (ed) Arctic gas biological report series, vol 34. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, Anchorage, Alaska, p 387

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuerrier J-P, Schultz FH (1957) Studies on the lake trout and common whitefish in Waterton Lakes, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. Wildl Manag Bull 3:1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagleish MP, Patterson IAP, Foster G, Reid RJ, Brain LTA, Buxton D (2006) Polioencephalomalacia in a juvenile hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Vet Rec 158:516–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies B, Bromage N (2002) The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant water temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 205:183–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolson R (2012) Status olf lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Ont Min Natur Resour, Science and Information Branch, Southern Sci and Info SIB ASU Report 2012-1:1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer WP (1987) Effect of lowering water temperature on hatching time and survival of lake trout eggs. Prog Fish Cult 49:175–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot JM, Baroudy E (1995) The ecology of arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, and brout trout, Salmo trutta, in Windemere (Northeast England). Nord J Freshw Res 71:33–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellrott BJ, Marsden JE (2004) Lake trout reproduction in Lake Champlain. Trans Am Fish Soc 133:252–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eschmeyer PH (1955) The reproduction of lake trout in southern Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 84:47–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eschmeyer PH, Phillips AM (1965) Fat content of the flesh of siscowets and lake trout from Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 94:62–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eshenroder RL, Burnham-Curtis MK (1999) Species succession and sustainability of the Great Lakes fish community. In: Taylor WW, Ferreri CP (eds) Great Lakes fisheries policy and management. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Eshenroder R, Poe TP, Olver CH (1984) Strategies for rehabilitation of lake trout in the Great Lakes. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission Technical Report Vol 40

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlen G (1971) Functional morphology of gas bladder of genus Salmo. Acta Anat 78:161–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Schulz CA, Loch RP, Kim EK, Hnath JG, Whelan G (2013) Current status of fish health and disease issues in the Laurentian Great Lakes: 2005–2010. In: Taylor WW, Lynch AJ, Leonard NJ (eds) Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective, 2nd edn. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, pp 259–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattal-Valevski A (2011) Thiamine (vitamin B1). J Evidence-Based Compl Alt Med 16:12–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher SJ, Swanson BL (1996) Diets of siscowet lake trout from the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior, 1993. J Great Lakes Res 22:463–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher JP, Spitsbergen JM, Iamonte T, Little EE, Delonay A (1995) Pathological and behavioral manifestations of the “Cayuga syndrome,” a thiamine deficiency in larval landlocked Atlantic salmon. J Aquat Anim Health 7:269–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD (1990) Yellow perch predation on Lake trout eggs in Keuka Lake, New York. J Great Lakes Res 16:130–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD (1994) Survival of lake trout embryos after receiving physical shock. Prog Fish Cult 56:149–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD (1995a) The effect of B-vitamins on a swim-up syndrome in Lake Ontario lake trout. J Great Lakes Res 21:286–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD (1995b) A critical review of the effects of contaminants on early life stage (ELS) mortality of lake trout in the Great Lakes. J Great Lakes Res 21:267–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB (1998) Reduced egg thiamine levels in inland and Great Lakes trout and their relationship with diet. In: McDonald G, Fitzsimmons JD, Honeyfield DC (eds) Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea. Symposium 21. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, pp 160–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, O’Gorman R (1996) Fecundity of hatchery lake trout in Lake Ontario. J Great Lakes Res 22:304–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Vandenbyllaardt L (1998) Thiamine levels in food chains of the Great Lakes. In: McDonald G, Fitzsimmons JD, Honeyfield DC (eds) Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea. Symposium 21. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, pp 90–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Honeyfield DC, Hnath JG (1999) A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) in great lakes salmonids: Relationship with thiamine deficiency. Ambio 28:9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Perkins DL, Krueger CC (2002) Sculpins and crayfish in lake trout spawning areas in Lake Ontario: estimates of abundance and egg predation on lake trout eggs. J Great Lakes Res 28:421–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Williston B, Amcoff P, Balk L, Pecor C, Ketola HG, Hinterkopf JP, Honeyfield DC (2005a) The effect of thiamine injection on upstream migration, survival, and thiamine status of putative thiamine-deficient Coho salmon. J Aquat Anim Health 17:48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Williston B, Zajicek JL, Tillitt DE, Brown SB, Brown LR, Honeyfield DC, Warner DM, Rudstam LG, Pearsall W (2005b) Thiamine content and thiaminase activity of ten freshwater stocks and one marine stock of alewives. J Aquat Anim Health 17:26–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Jonas JL, Claramunt RM, Williston B, Williston G, Marsden JE, Ellrott BJ, Honeyfield DC (2007a) Influence of egg predation and physical disturbance on lake trout Salvelinus namaycush egg mortality and implications for life-history theory. J Fish Biol 71:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Williston B, Williston G, Brown L, El-Shaarawi A, Vandenbyllaardt L, Honeyfeld D, Tillitt D, Wolgamood M, Brown SB (2007b) Egg thiamine status of Lake Ontario salmonines 1995–2004 with emphasis on lake trout. J Great Lakes Res 33:93–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Williston B, Williston G, Brown LR, Moore K, Honeyfield DC, Tillitt DE (2009) Influence of thiamine deficiency on lake trout larval growth, foraging, and predator avoidance. J Aquat Anim Health 21:302–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown S, Brown L, Honeyfield D, He J, Johnson JE (2010) Increase in lake trout reproduction in Lake Huron following the collapse of alewife: relief from thiamine deficiency or larval predation? Aquat Ecosyst Health 13:73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Brown LR, Verreault G, Tardif R, Drouillard KG, Rush SA, Lantry JR (2013) Impacts of diet on thiamine status of Lake Ontario American eels. Trans Am Fish Soc 142:1358–1369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster NR, Oconnor DV, Schreck CB (1993) Gamete ripening and hormonal correlates in 3 strains of lake trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 122:252–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann BR, Shutty KM (1999) Effect of timing of oil film removal and first feeding on swim bladder inflation success among intensively cultured striped bass larvae. N Am J Aquacult 61:43–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry FEJ (1949) Statistics of a lake trout fishery. Biometrics 5:27–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita A (1954) Thiaminase. Adv Enymol Relat Subj Biochem 15:389–421

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furniss RA (1974) Inventory and cataloging of Arctic area waters. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Federal aid in fish restoration, annual performance report, 1973–1974, project F-9-5, 15(G-I-I):45

    Google Scholar 

  • Futia MH, Hallenbeck S, Noyes AD, Honeyfield DC, Eckerlin GE, Rinchard J (2017) Thiamine deficiency and the effectiveness of thiamine treatments through broodstock injections and egg immersion on Lake Ontario steelhead trout. J Great Lakes Res 43:352–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garside ET (1959) Some effects of oxygen in relation to temperature on the development of lake trout embryos. Can J Zool 7:689–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillet C (1994) Egg production in arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus l) broodstock – effects of photoperiod on the timing of ovulation and egg quality. Can J Zool 72:334–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz F, Rosauer D, Sitar S, Goetz G, Simchick C, Roberts S, Johnson R, Murphy C, Bronte CR, MacKenzie S (2010) A genetic basis for the phenotypic differentiation between siscowet and lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Mol Ecol 19(Suppl. 1):176–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz FW, Sitar S, Rosauer D, Swanson P, Bronte CR, Dickey J, Simchick P (2011) The reproductive biology of lean and siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southern Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 140:1472–1491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz F, Jasonowicz A, Johnson R, Biga P, Fischer G, Sitar S (2014) Physiological differences between lean and siscowet lake trout morphotypes: are these metabolotypes? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz FW, Sitar S, Jasonowicz A, Seider M (2017) Reproduction of lake trout morphotypes at Isle Royale in northern Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 146:268–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goode GB (1888) American fishes. A popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America with special reference to habitats and methods of capture. Standard Book, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodier JL (1981) Native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) stocks in the Canadian waters of Lake Superior prior to 1988. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:1724–1737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goolish EM, Okutake K (1999) Lack of gas bladder inflation by the larvae of zebrafish in the absence of an air-water interface. J Fish Biol 55:1054–1063

    Google Scholar 

  • Green RG, Carlson WE, Evans CA (1941) A deficiency disease of foxes produced by feeding fish. J Nutr 21:243–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greig RA, Gnaedinger RH (1971) Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquatic animals of the United States and Canada. United States Department of Commerce Special Scientific Report—Fisheries No 631 Seattle, Washington https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/9031/noaa_9031_DS1.pdf

  • Gunn JM, Keller W (1984) Spawning site water chemistry and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) sac fry survival during spring snowmelt. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:319–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MJ, Nate NA, Krueger CC, Zimmerman MS, Kruckman HG, Taylor WW (2012) Age, growth, survival, and maturity of Lake trout morphotypes in Lake Mistassini, Quebec. Trans Am Fish Soc 141:1492–1503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MJ, Guy CS, Bronte CR, Nate NA (2021) Life history and population dynamics. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson SD, Holey ME, Treska TJ, Bronte CR, Eggebraaten TH (2013) Evidence of wild juvenile lake trout recruitment in western Lake Michigan. N Am J Fish Manage 33:186–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson S, Karlsson L, Ikonen E, Christensen O, Mitans A, Uzars D, Petersson E, Ragnarsson B (2001) Stomach analyses of Baltic salmon from 1959–1962 and 1994–1997: possible relations between diet and yolk-sac-fry mortality (M74). J Fish Biol 58:1730–1745

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harder AM, Ardren WR, Evans AN, Futia MH, Kraft CE, Marsden JE, Richter CA, Rinchard J, Tillitt DE, Christie MR (2018, Rev Fish Biol Fish) Thiamine deficiency in fishes: causes, consequences, and potential solutions. 28:865–886

    Google Scholar 

  • He JX, Ebener MP, Riley SC, Cottrill A, Kowalski A, Koproski S, Mohr L, Johnson JE (2012) Lake trout status in the main basin of Lake Huron, 1973–2010. N Am J Fish Manage 32:402–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey MC (1978) Fecundity changes in exploited populations of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). J Fish Res Bd Can 35:945–950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilker DM, Peter OF (1966) Anti-thiamine activity in hawaii fish. J Nutr 89:419–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirn J, Pekkanen TJ (1975) Quantitative-analysis of thiaminase activity in certain fish species. Nord Vet Med 27:646–648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holcombe GW, Pasha MS, Jensen KM, Tietge JE, Ankley GT (2000) Effects of photoperiod manipulation on brook trout reproductive development, fecundity, and circulating sex steroid concentrations. N Am J Aquacult 62:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honeyfield DC, Fitzsimons JD, Brown SB, Marcquenski SV, McDonald G (1998) Introduction and overview of early life stage mortality. In: McDonald G, Fitzsimmons JD, Honeyfield D (eds) Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea, symposium 21. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Honeyfield DC, Hinterkopf JP, Brown SB (2002) Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife. Trans Am Fish Soc 131:171–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honeyfield DC, Hinterkopf JP, Fitzsimons JD, Tillitt DE, Zajicek JL, Brown SB (2005) Development of thiamine deficiencies and early mortality syndrome in lake trout by feeding experimental and feral fish diets containing thiaminase. J Aquat Anim Health 17:4–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honeyfield DC, Ross JP, Carbonneau DA, Terrel SP, Woodward AR, Schoeb TR, Perceval HF, Hinterkopf JP (2008) Pathology, physiologic parameters, tissue contaminants, and tissue thiamine in morbid and healthy Central Florida adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). J Wildlife Dis 44:280–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horns WH (1985) Differences in early development among lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42:737–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings JA (1991) Fitness consequences of variation in egg size and food abundance in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Evolution 45:1162–1168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivan LN, Schmitt BR, Rose KA, Riley SC, Rose JB, Murphy CA (2018) Evaluation of the thiamine dose-response relationship for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) fry using an individual based model. J Great Lakes Res 44:1393–1404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen J, Marsden JE, Bronte CR, Jude DJ, Sitar SP, Goetz FW (2007) Challenges to deep-water reproduction by lake trout: Pertinence to restoration in Lake Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 33:59–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji YQ, Adelman IR (1998) Thiaminase activity in alewives and smelt in lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. In: McDonald G, Fitzsimmons JD, Honeyfield DC (eds) Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea, vol 21. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson N, Jonsson P, Svanberg O, Sodergren A, Thulin J (1995) Reproduction disorders in Baltic fish Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Report 4347, Solna

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L (1972) Keller Lake: characteristics of a culturally unstressed salmonid community. J Fish Res Bd Canada 29:731–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L (1973) Stock and recruitment in some unexploited canadian arctic lakes. Extrait des rapports et proces-verbaux 164:219–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas JL, Claramunt RM, Fitzsimons JD, Marsden JE, Ellrott BJ (2005) Estimates of egg deposition and effects of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) egg predators in three regions of the Great Lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:2254–2264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones NE, Parna M, Parna S, Chong S (2018) Evidence of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) spawning and spawning habitat use in the Dog River, Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res 44:1117–1122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson L, Ikonen E, Mitans A, Hansson S (1999) The diet of salmon (Salmo salar) in the Baltic Sea and connections with the M74 syndrome. Ambio 28:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy WA (1954) Growth, maturity and mortality in the relatively unexploited lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush, of Great Slave Lake. J Fish Res Bd Canada 11:827–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy LA (1980) Teratogenesis in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in an experimentally acidified Lake. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:2355–2358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketola HG, Chiotti TL, Rathman RS, Fitzsimons JD, Honeyfield DC, Van Dusen PJ, Lewis GE (2005) Thiamine status of Cayuga Lake rainbow trout and its influence on spawning migration. N Am J Fish Manage 25:1281–1287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ketola HG, Johnson JH, Rinchard J, Verdoliva FJ, Penney ME, Greulich AW, Lloyd RC (2009) Effect of thiamine status on probability of Lake Ontario Chinook salmon spawning in the upper or lower sections of Salmon River, New York. N Am J Fish Manage 29:895–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NY, Qadri SU (1970) Morphological differences in Lake Superior lake charr. J Fish Res Board Can 27:161–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kissinger BC, Gantner, N, Anderson, WG, Gillis DM, Halden NM, Harwood LA, Reist JD (2016) Brackish-water residency and semi-anadromy in Arcticlake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) inferred from otolith microchemistry. J Great Lakes Res 42(2):267–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemetsen A, Amundsen P-A, Knudsen R, Hermansen B (1997) A profundal, winter-spawning morph of arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Fjellfrosvatn, northern Norway. Nordic J Freshw Res 73:13–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Koops MA, Hutchings JA, McIntyre TM (2004) Testing hypotheses about fecundity, body size and maternal condition in fishes. Fish Fish 5:120–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraft CE, Angert ER (2017) Competition for vitamin B-1 (thiamin) structures numerous ecological interactions. Q Rev Biol 92:151–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger CC, Ebener MP (2004) Rehabilitation of lake trout in the Great Lakes: past lessons and future challenges. In: Gunn JM, Steedman RJ, Ryder RA (eds) Boreal shield watersheds: lake trout ecosystems in a changing environment. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger CC, Ihssen PE (1995) Review of genetics of lake trout in the great lakes: history, molecular genetics, physiology, strain comparisons, and restoration management. J Great Lakes Res 21:348–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger CC, Jones ML, Taylor WW (1995a) Restoration of lake trout in the Great Lakes: challenges and strategies for future management. J Great Lakes Res 21:547–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger CC, Perkins DL, Mills EL, Marsden JE (1995b) Predation by alewives on lake trout fry in Lake Ontario: role of an exotic species in restoration of a native species. J Great Lakes Res 21(Suppl 1):458–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger CC, Shepherd WC, Muir AM (2014) Predation by alewife on lake trout fry emerging from laboratory reefs: estimation of fry survival and assessment of predation potential. J Great Lakes Res 40:429–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladago BJ, Marsden JE, Evans AN (2016) Early feeding by lake trout fry. Trans Am Fish Soc 145:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lantry JR (2015) Eastern basin of Lake Ontario warmwater fisheries assessment, 1976–2014. 2014 annual report, Bureau of Fisheries, Lake Ontario Unit and St Lawrence River Unit to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s Lake Ontario Committee, pp. 1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie AH, Rahrer JF (1973) Lake Superior: a case history of the lake and its fisheries. Great Lakes Fishery Commission technical report 19

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus KH (1958) Studies on river-spawning populations of lake trout in eastern Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 87:259–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mac MJ, Edsall CC (1991) Environmental contaminants and the reproductive success of lake trout in the Great Lakes – an epidemiologic approach. J Toxicol Environ Health 33:375–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mac MJ, Schwartz TR (1992) Investigations into the effects of PCB congeners on reproduction in lake trout from the Great Lakes. Chemosphere 25:189–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mac MJ, Edsall CC, Seelye JG (1985) Survival of lake trout eggs and fry reared in water from the upper Great Lakes. J Great Lakes Res 11:520–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madenjian CP, O'Gorman R, Bunnell DB, Argyle RL, Roseman EF, Warner DM, Stockwell JD, Stapanian MA (2008) Adverse effects of alewives on Laurentian Great Lakes fish communities. N Am J Fish Manage 28:263–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcquenski SV, Brown SB (1997) Early mortality syndrome in the Great Lakes. In: Rolland RM, Gilbertson M, Peterson RE (eds) Chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction in fishes. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Markham JL, Cook A, MacDougall T, Witzel L, Kayle K, Murray M, Fodale M, Trometer E, Neave F, Fitzsimons J, Francis J, Stapanian M (2008) A strategic plan for the rehabiliation of lake trout in Lake Erie, 2008–2020. Great Lakes Fishery Commission Miscellaneous Publication 2008-02

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE (1997) Common carp diet includes zebra mussels and lake trout eggs. J Freshw Ecol 12:491–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Chotkowski MA (2001) Lake trout spawning on artificial reefs and the effect of zebra mussels: fatal attraction? J Great Lakes Res 27:33–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Krueger CC (1991) Spawning by hatchery-origin lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario – data from egg collections, substrate analysis, and diver observations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:2377–2384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Krueger CC, Schneider CP (1988) Evidence of natural reproduction by stocked lake trout in Lake Ontario. J Great Lakes Res 14:3–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Ellrott BJ, Claramunt RM, Jonas JL, Fitzsimons JD (2005) A comparison of lake trout spawning, fry emergence, and habitat use in lakes Michigan, Huron, and Champlain. J Great Lakes Res 31:492–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Kozel CL, Chipman BD (2018) Recruitment of lake trout in Lake Champlain. J Great Lakes Res 44:166–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Binder TR, Riley SC, Farha SA, Krueger CC (2021a) Habitat. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden JE, Muir AM, Noakes DLG, Krueger CC (2021b) Terminology. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin NV (1957) Reproduction of lake trout in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Trans Am Fish Soc 86:231–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin NV, Olver CH (1980) The lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush. In: Balon EK (ed) Charrs: salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus. D.W. Junk, Haque, pp 205–277

    Google Scholar 

  • McCart P, Craig P, Bain H (1972) Report on fisheries investigations in the Sagavanirktok River and neighboring drainages. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Bellevue, p 170

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RB, Kennedy WA (1948) Observations on the lake trout of Great Bear Lake. J Fish Res Bd Canada 7:176–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner JW (1874) Appendix A. The fisheries of the Great Lakes and the species of Coregonus or white fish. Report on the fisheries of the Great Lakes; the result of inquiries prosecuted in 1871 and 1872. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, part II, report of the commissioner for 1872 and 1873:1–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirza RS, Chivers DP, Godin JGJ (2001) Brook charr alevins alter timing of nest emergence in response to chemical cues from fish predators. J Chem Ecol 27:1775–1785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moody EK, Weidel BC, Ahrenstorff TD, Mattes WP, Kitchell JF (2011) Evaluating the growth potential of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) feeding on siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res 37:343–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SA, Bronte CR (2001) Delineation of sympatric morphotypes of lake trout in Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 130:1233–1240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morbey YE, Shuter BJ (2013) Intermittent breeding in the absence of a large cost of reproduction: evidence for a non-migratory, iteroparous salmonid. Ecosphere 4:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morner T, Hansson T, Carlsson L, Berg AL, Munoz YR, Gustavsson H, Mattsson R, Balk L (2017) Thiamine deficiency impairs common eider (Somateria mollissima) reproduction in the field. Sci Rep-UK 7:14451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muir AM, Krueger CC, Hansen MJ (2012) Re-establishing lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The past, present, and future. In: Taylor WW, Ferreri CP (eds) Great Lakes fishery policy and management: a binational perspective. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir AM, Bronte CR, Zimmerman MS, Quinlan HR, Glase JD, Krueger CC (2014) Ecomorphological diversity of lake trout at isle Royale, Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 143:972–987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Bronte CR, Krueger CC (2016) If Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus is ‘the most diverse vertebrate’, what is the lake charr Salvelinus namaycush? Fish and Fisheries 17:1194–1207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muir DCG, Evans MS, Murphy EW, McGoldrick DJ (2021) Contaminants and ecotoxicology. In: Muir AM, Hansen MJ, Riley SC, Krueger CC (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: biology, ecology, distribution, and management. Springer, Heidelberg

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland PJ (2006) Susceptibility of the cerebellum to thiamine deficiency. Cerebellum 5:55–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niimi AJ, Jackson CJC, Fitzsimons JD (1997) Thiamine dynamics in aquatic ecosystems and its biological implications. Int Rev Ges Hydrobio 82:47–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimune T, Watanabe Y, Okazaki H, Akai H (2000) Thiamin is decomposed due to Anaphe spp. entomophagy in seasonal ataxia patients in Nigeria. J Nutr 130:1628–1625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O'Gorman R, Elrod JH, Schneider CP (1998) Reproductive potential and fecundity of lake trout strains in southern and eastern waters of Lake Ontario, 1977–1994. J Great Lakes Res 24:131–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottinger CA, Honeyfield DC, Densmore CL, Iwanowicz LR (2012) Impact of thiamine deficiency on T-cell dependent and T-cell independent antibody production in lake trout. J Aquat Anim Health 24:258–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ottinger CA, Honeyfield DC, Densmore CL, Iwanowicz LR (2014) In vitro immune functions in thiamine-replete and -depleted lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Fish Shellfish Immunol 38:211–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker WH, McCreg CT (1965) Bracken (Pteris aquiline) poisoning of sheep in the North York moors. Vet Rec 77:861–865

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peck JW (1988) Fecundity of hatchery and wild lake trout in Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res 14:9–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins DL, Krueger CC (1995) Dynamics of reproduction by hatchery-origin lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) at Stony Island reef, Lake Ontario. J Great Lakes Res 21:400–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrova GG, Ilyina TN, Tyutyunnik NN, Chernikevich IP, Meldo HI (2003) Thiamine status in mink blood under alimentary hypovitaminosis B1 after feeding thiaminase-containing fish. Scientifur 26:106–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper RG, McElwain IB, Orme LE, McCraren JP, Fowler LG, Leonard J (1986) Broodstock, spawning, and egg handling. In: Fish hatchery management. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne D, Gunn J (1981) Sudbury District Lake Trout Lakes: A description of the lakes and the changes produced by man Sudbury District Ont Min Nat Res:1–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Power M, Dempson JB, Reist JD, Schwarz CJ, Power G (2005) Latitudinal variation in fecundity among Arctic charr populations in eastern North America. J Fish Biol 67:255–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahrer JF (1965) Age, growth, maturity, and fecundity of humper lake trout, Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Trans Am Fish Soc 94:75–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakestraw L (1968) Commercial fishing on Isle Royale. Isle Royale National History Association, Houghton, Michigan, pp 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawson DS (1961) The lake trout of lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan. J Fish Res Bd Canada 18:423–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter CA, Evans AN, Wright-Osment MK, Zajicek JL, Heppell SA, Riley SC, Krueger CC, Tillitt DE (2012) Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus is not the cause of thiamine deficiency impeding lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) recruitment in the Great Lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 69:1056–1064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rideout A, Tomkiewicz J (2011) Skipped spawning in fishes: more common than you might think. Mar Coast Fish Dyn Manage Ecosystem Sci 3:176–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rideout RM, Rose GA, MPM B (2005) Skipped spawning in female iteroparous fishes. Fish Fish 6:50–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SC, Evans AN (2008) Phylogenetic and ecological characteristics associated with thiaminase activity in Laurentian Great Lakes fishes. Trans Am Fish Soc 137:147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley JW, Marsden JE (2009) Predation on emergent lake trout fry in Lake Champlain. J Great Lakes Res 35:175–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SC, He JX, Johnson JE, O'Brien TP, Schaeffer JS (2007) Evidence of widespread natural reproduction by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron. J Great Lakes Res 33:917–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SC, Rinchard J, Honeyfield DC, Evans AN, Begnoche L (2011) Increasing thiamine concentrations in lake trout eggs from Lakes Huron and Michigan coincide with low alewife abundance. N Am J Fish Manage 31:1052–1064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinchard J, Ware K, Dabrowski K, Van Tassell JJ, Marschall EA, Stein RA (2011) Egg thiamine concentration affects embryo survival in Lake Erie walleye. Environ Biol Fish 90:53–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato M, Hayashi S, Nishino K (1994) Subcellular localization of thiaminase-I in the kidney and spleen of carp, Cyprinus carpio. Comp Biochem Phys A 108:31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders RL (1953) The swimbladder gas content of some freshwater fish with particular reference to the physostomes. Can J Zool 31:547–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schram ST (1993) Fecundity and egg deposition of a wild Lake Superior lake trout stock. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Fisheries Management Report No 149:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Simard LG (2017) Spawning site selection and fry development of invasive Lake trout in Yellowstone lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. MS, University of Vermont

    Google Scholar 

  • Simard LG, Marsden JE, Gresswell RE, Euclide M (2019) Rapid early development and feeding benefits an invasive population of lake trout. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 9:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitar SP, Morales HM, Mata MT, Bastar BB, Dupras DM, Kleaver GD, Rathbun KD (2008) Survey of siscowet lake trout at their maximum depth in Lake Superior. J Great Lakes Res 34:276–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sitar SP, Jasonowicz A, Murphy CA, Goetz FW (2014) Estimates of skipped spawning in lean and siscowet lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southern Lake Superior: implications for stock assessment. Trans Am Fish Soc 143:660–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skjaeraasen JE, Nash RD, Korsbrekke K, Fonn M, Nilsen T, Kennedy J, Nedreaas KH, Thorsen A, Witthames PR, Geffen AJ, Hoie H, Kjesbu OS (2012) Frequent skipped spawning in the world's largest cod population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:8995–8999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sly PG (1988) Interstitial water-quality of lake trout spawning habitat. J Great Lakes Res 14:301–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Sitar SP, Goetz FW, Huertas M, Armstrong BM, Murphy CA (2015) Differential physiological response to sea lamprey parasitism between lake trout morphotypes (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Superior. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 73:1815–1829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strakosh TR, Krueger CC (2005) Behavior of post-emergent lake trout fry in the presence of the alewife, a non-native predator. J Great Lakes Res 31:296–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundnes G, Bratlund P (1967) Notes on the gas content and neutral buoyancy in physostome fish. FiskDir Skr Ser HavUnders 16:89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundnes G, Sand O (1975) Studies of a physostome swimbladder by resonance frequency analyses. J Cons Int Explor Mer 36:176–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson HK, Kidd KA, Babaluk JA, Wastle RJ, Yang PP, Halden NM, Reist JD (2010) Anadromy in Arctic populations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): otolith microchemistry, stable isotopes, and comparisons with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 67:842–853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson HK, Kidd KA, Reist JD (2011) Quantifying importance of marine prey in the diets of two partially anadromous fishes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 68:020–2028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeny ROS (1890) The siskiwit. Trans Am Fish Soc 19:84–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvander P, Haubner N, Snoeijs P (2013) The thiamine content of phytoplankton cells is affected by abiotic stress and growth rate. Microb Ecol 65:566–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symula J, Meade J, Skea JC, Cummings L, Colquhoun JR, Dean HJ, Miccoli J (1990) Blue-sac disease in Lake Ontario lake trout. J Great Lakes Res 16:41–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syslo JM (2010) Demography of Lake trout in relation to population suppression in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park. MS, Montana State University

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait JS (1959) Swimbladder studies in salmonids relating to problems of depth. M.S., University of Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait JS (1960) The first filling of the swimbladder in salmonids. Can J Zool 38:179–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Telnes T, Saegrov H (2004) Reproductive strategies in two sympatric morphotypes of Arctic charr in Kalandsvatnet, West Norway. J Fish Biol 65:574–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teraguchi S (1975) Correction of negative buoyancy in phantom larva, Chaoborus americanus. J Insect Physiol 21:1659–1670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tibbits WT (2007) The behavior of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) in Otsego Lake: a documentation of the strains, movements, and the natural reproduction of lake trout under present conditions. MS, State University College at Oneonta

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillitt DE, Zajicek JL, Brown SB, Brown LR, Fitzsimons JD, Honeyfield DC, Holey ME, Wright GM (2005) Thiamine and thiaminase status in forage fish of salmonines from Lake Michigan. J Aquat Anim Health 17:13–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tillitt DE, Cook PM, Giesy JP, Heideman W, Peterson RE (2008) Reproductive impairment of Great Lakes lake trout by dioxin-like chemicals. In: DiGiulio RT, Hinton DE (eds) Toxicology of fishes. Francis & Taylor Publishers, Washington, DC., pp 819–875

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tillitt DE, Riley SC, Evans AN, Nichols SJ, Zajicek JL, Rinchard J, Richter CA, Krueger CC (2009) Dreissenid mussels from the Great Lakes contain elevated thiaminase activity. J Great Lakes Res 35:309–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trippel EA (1993) Relations of fecundity, maturation, and body size of lake trout, and implications for management in northwestern Ontario lakes. N Am J Fish Manag 13:64–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker S, Moerke A, Steinhart G, Greil R (2014) NOTE: first record of natural reproduction by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the St. Marys River, Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 40:1022–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DR, Robinson JM, Josephson DC, Sheldon DR, Kraft CE (2012) Elevated summer temperatures delay spawning and reduce redd construction for resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Glob Chang Biol 18:1804–1811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner RM, Rook B, Greil R (2006) Egg-thiamine status and occurrence of early mortality syndrome (EMS) in Atlantic salmon from the St. Marys River, Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 32:293–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner RM, Southwell B, Rook B (2011) Five year trends in the egg-thiamine status of Atlantic salmon from the St. Marys River, Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 37:43–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • William FT (1966) Inventory and cataloging of sport fish and sport fish waters of the Copper River and Prince William sound drainages, and the upper Susitna River Alaska Department of Fish and Game, annual performance report, 1965–1966, project, F-5-R-7, 7(14-A):185–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Winemiller KO, Rose KA (1992) Patterns of life-history diversification in north american fishes – implications for population regulation. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49:2196–2218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajicek JL, Tillitt DE, Honeyfield DC, Brown SB, Fitzsimons JD (2005) Method for measuring total thiaminase activity in fish tissues. J Aquat Anim Health 17:82–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Sciences, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Frederick W. Goetz

  2. Rubenstein Ecosystem Science Laboratory, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    J. Ellen Marsden

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA

    Catherine A. Richter & Donald E. Tillitt

  4. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Marquette Fisheries Research Station, Marquette, MI, USA

    Shawn P. Sitar

  5. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Stephen C. Riley

  6. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Charles C. Krueger

Authors
  1. Frederick W. Goetz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Ellen Marsden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Catherine A. Richter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Donald E. Tillitt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shawn P. Sitar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Stephen C. Riley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Charles C. Krueger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frederick W. Goetz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, USA

    Andrew M. Muir

  2. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA

    Charles C. Krueger

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI, USA

    Michael J. Hansen

  4. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Stephen C. Riley

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Goetz, F.W. et al. (2021). Reproduction. In: Muir, A.M., Krueger, C.C., Hansen, M.J., Riley, S.C. (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: Biology, Ecology, Distribution, and Management. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62259-6_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation