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Biology of Perioperative Nutrition: An Update

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Emergency General Surgery in Geriatrics

Part of the book series: Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma ((HTACST))

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Abstract

Nearly up to 70% of hospitalized patients are moderately to severely malnourished, although the vocabulary and the practice of nutritional support of critically ill patients have changed significantly in recent years. The question that once lingered throughout the literature regarding when critically ill patients should be fed has been answered: feed critically ill patients as early as possible. The question that remains, and that still is being worked on, is what to feed them. The benefit of early institution of enteral or parenteral nutrition in the overall management of critically ill patients has been well-established. This is particularly important in elderly surgical patients who undergo either elective or emergency surgery. Following injury, or any other surgical catastrophe, energy requirements are greatly increased to sustain the increased metabolism and wound repair. Protein requirements have greatly expanded to sustain increased metabolism and wound repair, and there is an increased need for achieving and maintaining positive balance. In this chapter, we will give an update on the biology of perioperative nutrition support and GI tract access for enteral nutrition. Moreover, the current review focuses on the importance of early nutritional support in surgical patients and their impact on outcomes in the postoperative recovery phase, and finally on major nutritional organizations guidelines both on diagnosing malnutrition and providing nutritional therapy in critically ill patients.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA

    Rifat Latifi

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  1. Department of Surgery, New York Medical College, School of Medicine and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA

    Rifat Latifi

  2. Emergency Surgery Department, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy

    Fausto Catena

  3. General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

    Federico Coccolini

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Latifi, R. (2021). Biology of Perioperative Nutrition: An Update. In: Latifi, R., Catena, F., Coccolini, F. (eds) Emergency General Surgery in Geriatrics . Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62215-2_7

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