Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sonographic Anatomy and Pathology: Facial Soft Tissues Including Muscles

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ultrasonography in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnostics

  • 540 Accesses

Abstract

The ultrasound (US) can be used successfully for the evaluation of structures and pathological changes of facial soft tissues and muscles of the maxillofacial region. Ultrasonography (USG) is a nonionizing, noninvasive, inexpensive, and painless imaging tool that can be performed as much as needed in a very short time and in children and pregnant women. Additionally, US probe may be used to palpate a lesion to understand the stiffness or compressibility of it, a feature not present in magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. It is important to know the normal sonographic features of facial structures to be able to recognize the pathology.

In this chapter, we discuss the role of ultrasonography (USG) in the examination of facial soft tissues and muscles of the maxillofacial region. We provide the USG characteristics of normal anatomy and series of the most often encountered pathologic conditions of the facial structures to facilitate image interpretation of USG scans for clinicians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kotecha S, Bhatia P, Rout PG. Diagnostic ultrasound in the head and neck region. Dent Update. 2008;35(8):529–30. 33-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Klem C. Head and neck anatomy and ultrasoundcorrelation. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2010;43(6):1161–9. v

    Google Scholar 

  3. Demirturk Kocasarac H, Angelopoulos C. Ultrasound in dentistry: toward a future of radiation-free imaging. Dent Clin N Am. 2018;62(3):481–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Oeppen RS, Gibson D, Brennan PA. An update on the use of ultrasound imaging in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48(6):412–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Iro H, Bozzato A, Zenk J. In: Iro H, Bozzato A, Zenk J, editors. Atlas of head and neck ultrasound. 1st ed. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Volk GF, Pohlmann M, Sauer M, Finkensieper M, Guntinas-Lichius O. Quantitative ultrasonography of facial muscles in patients with chronic facial palsy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;50(3):358–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang WH, Chen YY, Liu JJ, Liao XH, Du YC, Gao Y. Application of ultrasound imaging of upper lip orbicularis oris muscle. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(3):3391–400.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Serra MD, Duarte Gaviao MB, dos Santos Uchoa MN. The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the muscles of mastication. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34(12):1875–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kiliaridis S, Engvall M, Tzakis MG. Ultrasound imaging of the masseter muscle in myotonic dystrophy patients. J Oral Rehabil. 1995;22(8):619–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ariji E, Ariji Y, Yoshiura K, Kimura S, Horinouchi Y, Kanda S. Ultrasonographic evaluation of inflammatory changes in the masseter muscle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;78(6):797–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goto TK, Langenbach GE, Hannam AG. Length changes in the human masseter muscle after jaw movement. Anat Rec. 2001;262(3):293–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sano K, Ninomiya H, Sekine J, Pe MB, Inokuchi T. Application of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography to preoperative evaluation of masseteric hypertrophy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1991;19(5):223–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Surej Kumar L, Zachariah GP, Chandran S. Ultrasonography: a step forward in temporomandibular joint imaging. A preliminary descriptive study. Clin Pract. 2019;9(2)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lipschitz N, Yakirevitch A, Sagiv D, Migirov L, Talmi YP, Wolf M, et al. Nasal vestibulitis: etiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics: a retrospective study of 118 cases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;89(2):131–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sakat MS, Kilic K, Ucuncu H. Nasal vestibular Furunculosis presenting as the Rudolph sign. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(6):e545–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bansal AG, Oudsema R, Masseaux JA, Rosenberg HK. US of pediatric superficial masses of the head and neck. Radiographics. 2018;38(4):1239–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Friedman ER, John SD. Imaging of pediatric neck masses. Radiol Clin N Am. 2011;49(4):617–32. v

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Reimers CD, Fleckenstein JL, Witt TN, Muller-Felber W, Pongratz DE. Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol Sci. 1993;116(1):82–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mantsopoulos K, Wurm J, Iro H, Zenk J. Role of ultrasonography in the detection of a subperiosteal abscess secondary to mastoiditis in pediatric patients. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2015;41(6):1612–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hosokawa T, Takahashi H, Miyasaka Y, Ohira K, Tanami Y, Sato Y, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of dermal sinuses/fistulas in pediatric patients. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(12):3107–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Alyas F, Lewis K, Williams M, Moody A, Wong K, Ahuja A, et al. Diseases of the submandibular gland as demonstrated using high resolution ultrasound. Br J Radiol. 2005;78(928):362–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ahuja A, Richards P, Wong K, King A, Yuen H, Ching A, et al. Kuttner tumour (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis) of the submandibular gland: sonographic appearances. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(7):913–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Diom ES, Fagan JJ, Bolding E. Intralingual mucous extravasation cyst: an uncommon lingual cyst. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(5):E21–e3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Orloff LA, Hwang HS, Jecker P. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of salivary disease. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;20(2):136–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Upile T, Jerjes W, Al-Khawalde M, Kafas P, Frampton S, Gray A, et al. Branchial cysts within the parotid salivary gland. Head Neck Oncol. 2012;4:24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Brahmbhatt AN, Skalski KA, Bhatt AA. Vascular lesions of the head and neck: an update on classification and imaging review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Fefferman NR, Milla SS. Ultrasound imaging of the neck in children. Ultrasound Clin. 2009;4(4):553–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Donnelly LF, Adams DM, Bisset GS 3rd. Vascular malformations and hemangiomas: a practical approach in a multidisciplinary clinic. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(3):597–608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Holtel MR. Emerging technology in head and neck ultrasonography. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2010;43(6):1267–74. vii

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ahuja AT, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(5):1691–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Restrepo R, Oneto J, Lopez K, Kukreja K. Head and neck lymph nodes in children: the spectrum from normal to abnormal. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(8):836–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lee KA, Lee SH, Kim HR. Ultrasonographic changes of major salivary glands in primary Sjogren's syndrome. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Caraba A, Babalic FC, Iurciuc S, Iurciuc M. The utility of major salivary gland Ultrasonographic parameters in the diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:1716848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Dentistry, Department of General Dental Sciences, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Husniye Demirturk Kocasarac

  2. Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Private Practice, Orlando, FL, USA

    Dania Tamimi

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey

    Mehtap Balaban

Authors
  1. Husniye Demirturk Kocasarac
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dania Tamimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mehtap Balaban
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of DentoMaxillofacial Radiology, Ankara, Turkey

    Kaan Orhan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Demirturk Kocasarac, H., Tamimi, D., Balaban, M. (2021). Sonographic Anatomy and Pathology: Facial Soft Tissues Including Muscles. In: Orhan, K. (eds) Ultrasonography in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnostics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62179-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62179-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62178-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-62179-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation