Skip to main content

Growth and Development of the Lusitano Foal on Extensive Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production
  • 450 Accesses

Abstract

One of the main goals of horse breeding industry is to raise animals with a sound and adequate musculoskeletal system that withstands the rigors of training and competition. Therefore, the knowledge of the most adequate growth model for each breed and purpose, as well as the factors that influence skeleton development, is of high concern for breeders and users. The Lusitano horse is no exception. This Portuguese breed has become more popular as a sport and leisure horse due to its functional and behavior characteristics. In this review we will bring about an integrated approach on the characterization of the Lusitano production systems, both for the broodmare productive cycle and further foals’ growth and development. In particular, the application of non-linear models to foals’ growth data from birth to the onset of training, has enabled a comprehensive overview on growth patterns of the Lusitano horse when managed in extensive systems, which constitutes innovative information for this breed. Based on the achievements of our research team, the relationship among growth patterns, bone metabolism and osteoarticular quality are also highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, W.R., Wilsher, S., Turnbull, C., Stewart, F., Ousey, J., Rossdale, P.D., Fowden, A.L.: Influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse. I. Development in utero. Reproduction 123, 445–453 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, R.d’.: Alrededor del caballo español: colecciĂłn de estudios. Sociedade AstĂłria, Lisboa (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • APSL: Regulamento do Livro GenealĂłgico do cavalo da raça Lusitana. Associação Portuguesa de Criadores do Cavalo Puro-sangue Lusitano, Cascais, Portugal (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, M.M., Caldeira, R.M., Fradinho, M.J.: A utilização de alimentos compostos em sistemas de produção do cavalo de desporto em Portugal. In: GTIE (ed.) Livro de resumos das IV Jornadas do Grupo de Trabalho de Investigação em EquĂ­deos, p. 44 (2015). ISBN 978-989-97385-2-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrey, E., Desliens, F., Poirel, D., Biau, S., Lemaire, S., Rivero, J.-L.L., Langlois, B.: Early evaluation of dressage ability in different breeds. Equine Vet. J. 34, 319–324 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barneveld, A., van Weeren, P.R.: Conclusions regarding the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system with special reference to osteochondrosis. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 31, 112–119 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R., Nielsen, B., Waite, K., Rosenstein, D., Orth, M.: Daily access to pasture turnout prevents loss of mineral in the third metacarpus of Arabian weanlings. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 1142–1150 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigot, G., Trillaud-Geyl, C., Jussiaux, M., Martin-Rosset, W.: Elevage du cheval de selle du sevrage au debourrage: alimentation hivernale, croissance et developpement. Bulletin Technique CRZV Theix INRA 69, 45–53 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigot, G., Martin-Rosset, W., Dubroeucq, H.: Evolution du format du cheval de selle de la naissance Ă  18 mois: critères et mĂ©thods d’apprĂ©ciation. In: Proceedings 14Ă©me JournĂ©e de la Recherche Chevaline, CEREOPA, Paris, pp. 87–101 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.E., Fitzhugh Jr., H.A., Cartwright, T.C.: A comparison of nonlinear models for describing weight-age relationship in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 42, 810–818 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Douglas, C.G., Parkinson, T.J., Firth, E.C., Fennessy, P.F.: Body weights and growth rates of spring and autumn-born thoroughbreds horses raised on pasture. N. Z. Vet. J. 53, 326–331 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, A.A., Le Roith, D.: Control of growth by the somatropic axis: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63, 41–64 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabral, G.C., Almeida, F.Q., Quirino, C.R., Azevedo, P.C.N., Pinto, L.F.B., Santos, E.M.: Avaliação morfomĂ©trica de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador: Ă­ndices de conformação e proporções corporais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 33(Supl. 1), 1798–1805 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavinder, C.A., Vogelsang, M.M., Gibbs, P.G., Forrest, D.W., Schmitz, D.G.: Variances in reproductive efficiency of mares in fat and moderate body condition following parturition. Prof. Anim. Sci. 25, 250–255 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çilek, S.: Environmental factors affecting growth characteristics in Purebred Arabian foals reared at Anadolu State Farm in Turkey. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8, 148–154 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Coenen, M., Kienzle, E., Vervuert, I., Zeyner, A.: Recent German developments in the formulation of energy and nutrient requirements in horses and the resulting feeding recommendations. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 31, 219–229 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, R.J., Mathison, G.W., Burwash, L.: Growth and condition at weaning of extensively managed creep-feed foals. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 19, 45–50 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro, A.: Cavalo Lusitano – O filho do vento. 4ÂŞ edição. Edições Inapa, Lisboa (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cymbaluk, N.F., Christison, G.I., Leach, D.H.: Longitudinal growth analysis of horses following limited and ad libitum feeding. Equine Vet. J. 22, 198–204 (1990)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dario, C., Carnicela, D., Dario, M., Bufano, G.: Morphological evaluation and heritability estimates for some biometric traits in the Murguese horse breed. Genet. Mol. Res. 5, 309–314 (2006)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denoix, J.-M., Jeffcott, L.B., McIlwraith, C.W., van Weeren, P.R.: A review of terminology for equine juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) based on anatomical and functional considerations. Vet. J. 197, 29–35 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dik, K.J., Enzerink, E., van Weeren, P.R.: Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months. Equine Vet. J. 31, 9–15 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Distl, O.: The genetics of equine osteochondrosis. Vet. J. 197, 13–18 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DonabĂ©dian, M., Fleurance, G., Perona, G., Robert, C., Lepage, O., Trillaud-Geyl, C., LĂ©ger, S., Ricard, A., Bergero, D., Martin-Rosset, W.: Effect of fast vs. moderate growth rate related to nutrient intake on developmental orthopaedic disease in the horse. Anim. Res. 55, 471–486 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doreau, M., Boulot, S., Martin-Rosset, W., Robelin, J.: Relationship between nutrient intake, growth and body composition of the nursing foal. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 26, 683–690 (1986)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Druml, T., Baumung, R., Sölkner, J.: Morphological analysis and effect of selection for conformation in the Noriker draught horse population. Livest. Sci. 115, 118–128 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, C., Morton, J., Chopin, J.: Factors affecting foal birth weight in Thoroughbred horses. Theriogenology 71, 683–689 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira-Dias, G., Claudino, F., Carvalho, H., AgrĂ­cola, R., Alpoim-Moreira, J., Robalo Silva, J.: Seasonal reproduction in the mare: possible role of plasma leptin, body weight and immune status. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29(1), 203–213 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firth, E.C.: The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse. J. Anat. 208, 513–526 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Firth, E.C., Rogers, C.W.: Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus. N. Z. Vet. J. 53, 113–122 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhugh Jr., H.A.: Analysis of growth curves and strategies for altering their shape. J. Anim. Sci. 42, 1036–1051 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontes, M.A., Jorge, M.N.: Produção equina: uma abordagem econĂłmica. Formação PĂłs-Graduada, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade TĂ©cnica de Lisboa (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fradinho, M.J., Bessa, R.J.B., Martin-Rosset, W., Ferreira-Dias, G., Caldeira, R.M.: Nutritional status of Lusitano broodmares on extensive feeding systems: body condition, live weight and metabolic indicators. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 12e71, 436–443 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fradinho, M.J., Correia, M.J., Grácio, V., Bliebernicht, M., Farrim, A., Mateus, L., Martin-Rosset, W., Bessa, R.J.B., Caldeira, R.M., Ferreira-Dias, G.: Effects of body condition and leptin on the reproductive performance of Lusitano mares on extensive systems. Theriogenology 81, 1214–1222 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fradinho, M.J., Bessa, R.J.B., Ferreira-Dias, G., Caldeira, R.M.: Growth and development of the Lusitano horse managed on grazing systems. Livest. Sci. 186, 22–28 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fradinho, M.J., Mateus, L., Bernardes, N., Bessa, R.J.B., Caldeira, R.M., Ferreira-Dias, G.: Growth patterns, metabolic indicators and osteoarticular status in the Lusitano horse: a longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 14(7), e0219900 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee, E.K., Firth, E.C., Morel, P.C.H., Fennessy, P.F., Grace, N.D., Mogg, T.D.: Articular/epiphyseal osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred foals at 5 months of age: influences of growth of the foal and prenatal copper supplementation of the dam. N. Z. Vet. J. 53, 448–456 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giussani, D.A., Forhead, A.J., Fowden, A.L.: Development of cardiovascular function in the horse fetus. J. Physiol. 565, 1019–1030 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, M.D., Goyache, F., Molina, A., Valera, M.: Sire x stud interaction for body measurement traits in Spanish Purebred horses. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 2502–2509 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillaume, D., Salazar-Ortiz, J., Martin-Rosset, W.: Effects of nutrition level in mare’s ovarian activity and in equines’ puberty. In: Miraglia, N., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) Nutrition and Feeding of the Broodmare. EAAP Series NÂş 120, pp. 315–339. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2006). ISBN 978-90-8686-014-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Henneke, D.R., Potter, G.D., Kreider, J.L.: Body condition during pregnancy and lactation and reproductive efficiency of mares. Theriogenology 21, 897–909 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heugebaert, S., Garcia-Launay, F., Trillaud-Geyl, C., Dubroeucq, H., Arnaud, D., Bigot, G., Valette, J.-P., Fleurance, G., Hoch, T., Agabriel, J., Martin-Rosset, W.: ModĂ©lisation de la croissance des poulains: première Ă©tape vers de nouvelles recommandations alimentaires. In: Proceedings of 36ème JournĂ©e de la Recherche Equine, IFCE, France, pp. 61–70 (2010). ISBN 978-2-915250-16-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintz, H.F., Hintz, R.L., Van Vleck, L.D.: Growth rate of Thoroughbreds: effect of age of dam, year and month of birth, and sex of foal. J. Anim. Sci. 48, 480–487 (1979)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiney, K.M., Nielsen, B.D., Rosenstein, D.: Short-duration exercise and confinement alters bone mineral content and shape in weanling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2313–2320 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, K.E., Nielsen, B.D., Orth, M.W., Rosenstein, D.S., Scott, H.C., Shelle, J.E.: Comparison of bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in stall vs. pasture reared horses. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 30, 601–604 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R.M., Lawrence, L.A., Kronfeld, D.S., Cooper, W.L., Sklan, D.J., Dascanio, J.J., Harris, P.A.: Dietary carbohydrates and fat influence radiographic bone mineral content of growing foals. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 3330–3338 (1999)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • INRA: Nutrition et alimentation des chevaux. In: Martin-Rosset, W. (Coord.) Éditions Quae, Versailles, France (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • INRA-HN-IE: Notation de l’état corporel des chevaux de selle et de sport. Guide Pratique. Institut d’Elevage, Paris, France (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffcott, L.B.: Developmental diseases affecting growing horses. In: Julliand, V., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) The Growing Horse: Nutrition and Prevention of Growth Disorders. EAAP Series NÂş 114, pp. 243–255. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2005). ISBN 978-90-76998-62-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelan, Z.A., Jeffcott, L.B., Lundeheim, N., Osborne, M.: Growth rates in Thoroughbred foals. Pferdeheilkunde 12, 291–295 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavazis, A.N., Ott, E.A.: Growth rates in Thoroughbreds horses raised in Florida. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 23, 353–357 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher, A., Staniar, W.B.: The pattern of thoroughbred growth is affected by foal’s birth date. Livest. Sci. 154, 204–214 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komosa, M., FrÄ…ckowiak, H., Purzyc, H., Wojnowska, M., Gramacki, A., Gramacki, J.: Differences in exterior conformation between primitive, Half-bred, and Thoroughbred horses: anatomic-breeding approach. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 1660–1668 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristjansson, T., Bjornsdottir, S., Sigurdsson, A., Crevier-Denoix, N., Pourcelot, P., Arnason, T.: Objective quantification of conformation of the Icelandic horse based on 3-D video morphometric measurements. Livest. Sci. 158, 12–23 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepeule, J., Bareille, N., Robert, C., Ezanno, P., Valette, J.P., Jacquet, S., Blanchard, G., Denoix, J.M., Seegers, H.: Association of growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions with the prevalence of developmental orthopaedic disease in limbs of foals. Prev. Vet. Med. 89, 167–177 (2009)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepeule, J., Seegers, H., Rondeau, V., Robert, C., Denoix, J.M., Bareille, N.: Association of growth, feeding practices and exercise conditions with the severity of the osteo-articular status of limbs in French foals. Vet. J. 197, 65–71 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Rosset, W., Boccard, R., Jussiaux, M., Robelin, J., Trillaud-Geyl, C.: Croissance relative des diffĂ©rents tissues, organs et rĂ©gions corporelles entre 12 et 30 mois chez le cheval de boucherie de diffĂ©rents races lourdes. Annales de Zootechnie 32, 153–174 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Rosset, W.: Growth and development in the equine. In: Julliand, V., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) The Growing Horse: Nutrition and Prevention of Growth Disorders. EAAP Series NÂş 114, pp. 15–50. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2005). ISBN 978-90-76998-62-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Rosset, W., Austbo, D., Coenen, M.: Energy and protein requirements and recommended allowances in lactating mares. In: Miraglia, N., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) Nutrition and Feeding of the Broodmare. EAAP Series NÂş 120, pp. 89–115. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2006). ISBN 978-90-8686-014-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Rosset, W., Trillaud-Geyl, C., Agabriel, J.: The growing horse. In: Martin-Rosset, W. (ed.) Equine Nutrition: INRA Nutrient Requirements, Recommended Allowances and Feed Tables, pp. 169–216. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2015a). ISBN 978-90-8686-237-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Rosset, W., Doreau, M., Guillaume, D.: The mare. In: Martin-Rosset, W. (ed.) Equine Nutrition: INRA Nutrient Requirements, Recommended Allowances and Feed Tables, pp. 121–156. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2015b). ISBN 978-90-8686-237-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, H., Ahlswede, L.: Ăśber das intrauterine wachstum und die körperzusammensetzung von fohlen sowie den nährstoffbedarf tragender stuten. Ăśbersichten Tierernährung 4, 263–292 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Miraglia, N., Saastamoinen, M., Martin-Rosset, W.: Role of pastures in mares and foals management in Europe. In: Miraglia, N., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) Nutrition and Feeding of the Broodmare, pp. 279–297. EAAP Series NÂş 120. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2006). ISBN 978-90-8686-014-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, A., Valera, M., dos Santos, R., Rodero, A.: Genetic parameters of morphofunctional traits in Andalusian horse. Livest. Prod. Sci. 60, 295–303 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, J.: O cavalo Lusitano – Contributo para o seu estudo. Boletim Pecuário. Ano XLIX. MinistĂ©rio da Agricultura e Pescas (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  • NRC: Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 6th revised edn. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oom, M.M.: O Cavalo Lusitano. Uma raça em recuperação. Ph.D. tesis, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, R.N., Jeffcott, L.B.: Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 52, 28–37 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIlwraith, C.W.: Developmental orthopedic disease: problems of limbs in young horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 24, 475–479 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, E.A., Asquith, R.L: The influence of mineral supplementation on growth and skeletal development of yearling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 2831–2840 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, E.A., Asquith, R.L.: Trace mineral supplementation of yearling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 466–471 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, E.A., Kivipelto, J.: Growth and development of yearling horses fed either alfalfa or coastal bermudagrass: hay and a concentrate formulated for bermudagrass hay. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 22, 311–319 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, E., Brown, M., Roberts, G., Kivipelto, J.: Influence of starch intake on growth and skeletal development of weanling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 1033–1043 (2005)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, F.N., Dubeski, P., Hanson, C.F.: Factors that alter the growth and development of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 71, 3138–3150 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paço, T.A., Fradinho, M.J.: The role of extensive grazing systems in Southern Europe horse production. In: Prochazka, N.T. (ed.) Pastures: Dynamics, Economics and Management, pp. 131–150. Nova Science Publishers, New York (2011). ISBN 978-1-61728-671-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagan, J.D.: Managing growth for different commercial end points. In: Pagan, J.D., Geor, R.J. (eds.) Advances in Equine Nutrition III, pp. 319–326. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham (2005). ISBN 978-1904761280

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagan, J.D., Brown-Douglas, C.G., Caddel, S.: Body weight and condition of Kentucky Thoroughbred mares and their foals as influenced by month of foaling, season, and gender. In: Miraglia, N., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) Nutrition and Feeding of the Broodmare. EAAP Series NÂş 120, pp. 245–252. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen (2006). ISBN 978-90-8686-014-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Perotto, D., Cue, R.I., Lee, A.J.: Comparison of nonlinear functions for describing the growth curve of three genotypes of dairy cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72, 773–782 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peugnet, P., Wimel, L., Duchamp, G., Sandersen, C., Camous, S., Guillaume, D., Dahirel, M., Dubois, C., Jouneau, L., Reigner, F., Berthelot, V., Chaffaux, S., Tarrade, A., Serteyn, D., Chavatte-Palmer, P.: Enhanced or reduced fetal growth induced by embryo transfer into smaller or larger breeds alters post-natal growth and metabolism in pre-weaning horses. PLoS ONE 9(7), e102044 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, H.: Growth and maturity in the equine fetus. J. R. Soc. Med. 71, 658–661 (1978)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, H.: Growth of the equine fetus. Equine Vet. J. 16, 247–252 (1984)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porr, C., Kronfeld, D., Lawrence, L., Pleasant, R., Harris, P.: Deconditioning reduces mineral content of the third metacarpal bone in horses. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 1875–1879 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raub, R.H., Jackson, S.G., Baker, J.P.: The effect of exercise on bone growth and development in weanling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 2508–2514 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rezende, A.S.C., Sampaio, I.B.M., Legorreta, G.L., Moreira, D.C.A.: Efeito de dois diferentes programas nutricionais sobre o desenvolvimento corporal de potros Mangalarga Marchador. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29, 495–501 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, F.J.: A flexible growth function for empirical use. J. Exp. Bot. 10, 290–300 (1959)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saastamoinen, M.: Factors affecting growth and development of foals and young horses. Acta Agric. Scand. 40, 387–396 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salgueiro, T.: A problemática da produção animal e suas relações com a alimentação. SĂ©rie TĂ©cnica NÂş 13, Direcção Geral da Agricultura, Lisboa (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandgren, B., Dalin, G., Carlsten, J., Lundeheim, N.: Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints in Standardbred trotters. II. Body measurements and clinical findings. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 26(16), 48–53 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, A.S., Silvestre, A.M.: A study of Lusitano mare lactation curve with Wood’s model. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 760–766 (2008)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos, R.I.D.G.: CaracterizaciĂłn genĂ©tica de la aptitud deportiva del caballo pura sangre Lusitano a partir de variables biocinemáticas al trote. Ph.D. tesis, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • SolĂ©, M., Santos, R., Molina, A., Galisteo, A., Valera, M.: Genetic analysis of kinematic traits at the trot in Lusitano horse subpopulations with different types of training. Animal 8, 192–199 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staniar, W.B.: The growing horse. In: Geor, R.J., Harris, P.A., Coenen, M. (eds.) Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition, pp. 243–260. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (2013). ISBN 978-0-7020-3422-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Staniar, W.B., Kronfeld, D.S., Treiber, K.H., Splan, R.K., Harris, P.A.: Growth rate consists of baseline and systematic deviation components in Thoroughbreds. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1007–1015 (2004)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, K.F., Hamann, H., Distl, O.: Factors associated with the prevalence of osseous fragments in the limb joints of Hanoverian Warmblood horses. Vet. J. 171, 147–156 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tischner, M.: Embryo recovery from Polish-pony mares and preliminary observations on foal size after transfer of embryos to large mares. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 17(S3), 96–98 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.N.: Skeletal growth rates of weanling and yearling Thoroughbred horses. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2513–2517 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.N., Jackson, S.G., Baker, J.P.: The influence of high planes of nutrition on skeletal growth and development of weanling horses. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 2459–2467 (1988a)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K.N., Baker, J.P., Jackson, S.G.: The influence of supplemental feed on growth and bone development of nursing foals. J. Anim. Sci. 66, 1692–1696 (1988b)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trillaud-Geyl, C., Fleurance, G., Donabedian, M., Perona, G., Bigot, G., Arnaud, G., Dubroeucq, H., Martin-Rosset, W.: Effect of body weight gain on the skeleton growth in the sport horses. In: Book of Abstracts of the 55th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Bled, Slovenia, H2.5. Wageningen Academic Publishers Wageningen (2004) ISBN 978-90-76998-45-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Valette, J.-P., Robert, C., Denoix, J.-M.: Use of linear and non-linear functions to describe the growth of young sport- and race-horses born in Normandie. Animal 2, 560–565 (2008)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Made, J.: Ungulates from Atapuerca TP6. J. Hum. Evol. 37, 389–413 (1999)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Made, J.: First description of the large mammals from the locality of Penal, and updated faunal lists for the Atapuerca ungulates e Equus altidens, Bison and human dispersal into Western Europe. Quatern. Int. 295, 36–47 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Weeren, P.R., Brama, P.A.J.: Physiology and pathology of the equine joint. Pferdeheilkunde. 17, 307–318 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Weeren, P.R., Brama, P.A.J.: Physiology of growth and development. In: Juliand, V., Martin-Rosset, W. (eds.) The Growing Horse: Nutrition and Prevention of Growth Disorders. EAAP series NÂş114, pp. 51–60. Wageningen Academic Publishers Wageningen (2005). ISBN 978-90-76998-62-6

    Google Scholar 

  • van Weeren, P.R., Jeffcott, L.B.: Problems and pointers in osteochondrosis: twenty years on. Vet. J. 197, 96–102 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente, A.A., Carolino, N., Gama, L.T.: Genetic diversity in the Lusitano horse breed assessed by pedigree analysis. Livest. Sci. 148, 16–25 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente, A.P.A.: Characterization and selection of the Lusitano horse breed. Dissertação de Doutoramento em CiĂŞncias Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, A., Hammond, J.: The maternal effects on growth and conformation in Shire horse-Shetland pony crosses. Proc. Royal Soc. B 125, 311–335 (1938)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, R., Pfau, T., Babbage, D., Brittin, E., May, S.A., Wilson, A.M.: Reliability of conformational measurements in the horse using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Equine Vet. J. 38, 610–615 (2006)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ytrehus, B., Carlson, C.S., Ekman, S.: Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Veterinary Path. 44, 429–448 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zechner, P., Zohman, F., Sölkner, J., Bodo, I., Habe, F., Marti, E., Brem, G.: Morphological description of the Lipizzan horse population. Livest. Prod. Sci. 69, 163–177 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Project POCI 2010, NÂş GG/GGP/ME611-0166/05 and Project CIISA UIDP/CVT/00276/2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. J. Fradinho .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Fradinho, M.J., Bessa, R.J.B., Caldeira, R.M., Ferreira-Dias, G. (2020). Growth and Development of the Lusitano Foal on Extensive Systems. In: Freitas Duarte, A., Lopes da Costa, L. (eds) Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61981-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics