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Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production pp 301–320Cite as

Leishmaniosis: New Insights in a Changing World

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Abstract

Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of serious veterinary concern in the Mediterranean basin. In Portugal has been reported in dogs, cats and synanthropic rodents. Epidemiological changes and new hosts may contribute to increase zoonotic risk. A better knowledge on immune response, treatment and diagnosis are at the forefront of research on this disease. Host immune response is multifactorial, reflecting the organ specificity. Macrophages (MØ) are the definitive host cells, although neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells to encounter parasites soon after inoculation in the dermis. The PMN-parasite interaction decreases parasite viability, but PMN-MØ interaction induces nitric oxide production and release of neutrophil extracellular traps that contain parasites, controlling dog infection at early stages. Liver resident Kupffer cells (KC) efficiently phagocyte Leishmania by establishing an intimate contact with circulating blood. The impact of meglumine antimoniate (MG) over infected canine KC was investigated. The effect of different treatment protocols in dog’s immune response was assessed. MG+miltefosine treatments plus allopurinol restore lymphokine gene expression, pointing through a drug-induced reduction of anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Furthermore, increasing feline leishmaniosis and the inconsistent results of therapeutic protocols led the team to evaluate their safety and effectiveness in cat.

Keywords

  • Leishmania
  • Leishmaniosis
  • Host-immune-response
  • Zoonosis
  • Treatment

G. Alexandre-Pires and M. Santos—These authors contributed equally for this work.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this work was provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the research projects PTDC/CVT/113121/2009, PTDC/CVT/118566/2010 and PTDC/CVT-CVT/28908/2017, the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA - UIDP/CVT/00276/2020), the Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM - UID/Multi/04413/2013 and by awarding the following PhD scholarships: SFRH/BD/73386/2010 (Armanda Rodrigues), SFRH/BD/77055/2011 (Maria Pereira), SFRH/BD/101467/2014 (Marcos Santos) and SFRH/BD/118067/2016 (Ana Valério-Bolas).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    G. Alexandre-Pires, M. Santos, S. A. Diaz, L. Gomes, J. Gomes, J. Meireles & I. Pereira-da-Fonseca

  2. Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    M. A. Rodrigues, M. A. Pereira, A. Bolas & G. Santos-Gomes

  3. Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal

    M. A. Pereira

  4. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    J. Gomes, A. Basso, A. Reisinho, R. Leal & J. Correia

  5. Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    A. Basso, R. Leal & J. Correia

  6. National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal

    J. Gomes

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  1. G. Alexandre-Pires
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  2. M. Santos
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  16. I. Pereira-da-Fonseca
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Correspondence to I. Pereira-da-Fonseca .

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  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Dr. Antonio Freitas Duarte

  2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Prof. Dr. Luís Lopes da Costa

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Alexandre-Pires, G. et al. (2020). Leishmaniosis: New Insights in a Changing World. In: Freitas Duarte, A., Lopes da Costa, L. (eds) Advances in Animal Health, Medicine and Production . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61981-7_17

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