Proposal for a Database of Food-Energy-Water-Nexus Projects

Abstract

This chapter outlines a proposed Food-Energy-Water (FEW)-database, explicitly designed for architects and urban designers. The database is global, with the intent being to describe both commonalities and gaps across the varied physical, social and economic environments, and more importantly to examine the possibility of scaling methods and socio-economic approaches. A theoretical framework is presented and developed into a proposal for the content that is required to understand FEW-projects from this point of view and how the information might be organised most clearly for the purpose of comparing outcomes and processes. The format is tested and extended by built examples located around the world. These indicate that a true comparison is difficult without more detailed economic data, which is inherently difficult to obtain, though it may be estimated through indirect sources. Future efforts are required to gather such information, expressly to find ways that Keynesian ‘Animal Spirits’ can be provoked to take up and scale FEW-methods and concepts in a truly significant way.

Appendix

Follows is a list of preliminary projects used to develop the preliminary proposal for the database described in this article. Note that it includes theories and texts as well as proposal and built projects.

No.	FEW	Project name	Year	Author	Status	What	Location	Size
1	FW	Urban farm on roof	2016	Space and matter	Built project	Urban farming	The Hague	building
2	FEW	Pig city	2000	MVRDV	Design method/concept	Tower farming (holistic/national)	The Netherlands	Buildings/regional plan
3	FEW	Living machine	1970s-	Ocean arks	Design method/concept	Waste treatment integration with buildings	Publication	Building
4	FEW	Omega Center for Sustainable Living	2003	Ocean arks, BNIM architects	Built project	water treatment	Rhinebeck, NY	Landscape and building
5	FW	Brooklyn Grange	2010 – ongoing	Brooklyn Grange	Built project	Rooftop farming	Brooklyn New York	Urban area
6	FEW	Copenhagen Loop	In progress	Bjarke Ingels Group	Design method/concept	Urban plan	Copenhagen and Malmo	Regional urban plan
7	EW	Exergy house	c. 2000	NITO environmental architecture LLC	Built project	House	Tokyo	Case study project
8	FEW	LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE	Ongoing	International Living Future Institute	Design method/concept	System	Global	Certification system
9		Granby workshop	2015 – ongoing	assemble studio	Living lab	Urban redevelopment	Liverpool	Block/neighborhood
10	FEW	Ecological footprint		Mathis Wackernagel	Evaluation tool			Non-scale
11	EW	Bullit centre	2012-->	Miller Hull (architect )	Built project		Seattle	1 commercial building
12	W	New Orleans masterplan	2008-->	Tulane University, Waggonner & Ball Architects	Proposal	Water-oriented masterplan for the city	New Orleans	Entire city
13	FE	Delhaise supermarket roof garden	2018 -->	Dehaise supermarket	Built project	Supermarket food production	Elsene, Brussels, Belgium	360 m2 test site
14	FEW	VAC library	2018	Framing Architects	Built project	Urban public building with hydroponics	Hanoi, Vietnam	Small library
15	FEW	Almere Oosterwold	2015	MVRDV	Built, in progress	Urban planning – self contained FEW	ALMERE	Town size
16	EW	Manchester BIOSPHERIC PROJECT	2013	Vincent Walsh	Built	Aquaponics	Manchester	Demonstration
17	F	Smaakpark	2018	Rob Roggema +Christian Weij	In process	Farm to plate	Ede, the Netherlands	Urban farm and restaurant
18	FW	FOODROOF	2014	rob roggema	Built	Aquaponics	Rio De Janeiro
19	FEW	FOODROOF ZUS (Op Het Dak)	2010?	ZUS	Built	Farm to plate	Rotterdam	Urban farm and restaurant
20	FEW	Kringloopcomplex Zonneterp (Dutch)	2008	SIGN + Innovatie Netwerk	Concept	Urban plan	Venlo	2 acre greenhouse + 200 housing units
21	FW	Oyster-tecture	2010	SCAPE	Built project	Aquaculture	NY Harbour	Infrastructural
22	FW	Peas park	2015 -->	Community led	Built project	Community garden	Skegoneill, Belfast	Neighbourhood
23	FEW	Food Cloud	2012 -->	Iseult Ward + Aoibheann O’Brien	Social platform	Food surplus re-distribution	UK + Ireland	Nationwide
24	FEW	Lufa farms	2009 -->	Muhamed Hage	Built project	Rooftop farming	Montreal, Canada	Urban farm and city-wide distribution
25	FEW	Growing underground	2017 -->	Steven Dring + Richard Ballard	Built project	Urban farming	Clapham, London	Building
26	FEW		2015 -->	Freight farms	Built project	urban farming		Shipping container
27	FEW	QO Hotel	2018	Paul de Ruyter Architects	Built project	Rooftop greenhouse, high tech	Amsterdam	Building (5000 plants)
28	FEW	City Fruitful	1991	Ashok Bhalotra, Kas Oosterhuis, Jack Alblas, Adri Huisman, Willem Schuringa	Masterplan proposed to the city of Dordrecht, financed by the Rijksdienst Voorbeeldplannen
29	FEW	Urban cultivator	2010	Founders Tarren Wolfe, Myles Omand, and Davin MacGregor	Commercial
30	FEW	Gotham Greens	2011 -->	Whole Food + Gotham Green (Gowanus Store) by BL Companies	Built	Rooftop greenhouse	4 sites in NYC	Building
31	F	Square Root		Tobias Peggs	Educational programme	Urban farming education and trailing	NYC
32	F	Sole Food Street Farms	2013	Michael Ableman + Seann J Dory	Built Project + Social Project	Urban farming	Vancouver, Canada	Urban area
33	FEW	Artscape Wychwood Barns	2008	Du Toit Allsop Hillier Architects Limited (dtah) + STANTEC+ERA Architects+ Blackwell Bowick	Built	Urban farming	Toronto, Canada	Building
34	FEW	Eli Zabar’s vinegar factory	1993	Eli Zabar’s: Eli Zabar & Personnel	Built	Rooftop greenhouse	New York, USA	Building
35	FEW	Pullman, Green house	2015	Gotham Greens	Built	Rooftop farming	Chicago, USA	Building
36	F	Bowery project	2013	Deena DelZotto and Rachel Kimel	Built/ongoing	Urban farming on vacant parking lots	Toronto, Canada	Urban area
37	F + waste	Shopping Eldorado	2011	Bioideias	Built	Urban farming	São Paulo, Brazil	Building
38	FE	56 Rue St-Blaise	2006	Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée	Built	Urban farming	Paris, France	Urban area
39	FW	Urban farmers (UF)	2011	Urban farmers	Built/prototype	Urban farming	Basel, Switzerland	Building
40	FEW	Nexus City: Operationalizing the urban Water-Energy-Food Nexus for climate change adaptation in Munich, Germany.		Daphne Gondhalekar + Thomas Rasauer (authors)	Design method/evaluation tool	Urban farming	Munich, Germany	Paper
41	EW	Jenfelder Au	Ongoing construction	Hamburg Water Cycle (HWC)	Under construction/design Stratergy	Housing	Hamburg, Germany	Building
42	FEW	Beddington Zero Energy Development (BEDZED)	2002	Bioregional and Zed Factory	Built	Housing	London Borough-Sutton, UK	Building
43	FEW	Maison productive house	2013	Rune Kongshaug + Produktif studio de design	Built	Housing	Montreal, Canada	Building
44	FEW	Shanghai Expo ZED Pavilion	2012	ZED factory	Built	Mixed-used	Shanghai, China	Building
45	FEW	Via Verde/The Green Way	2012	Phipps Houses and Jonathan Rose Companies, in partnership with Dattner Architects and Grimshaw	Built	Housing	New York, USA	Building
46	E	The solar settlement and the sunship	2006	Rolf Disch Architects	Built	Mixed -used	Freiburg, Germany	Building
47	FEW	Latitude housing system	2010	RVTR	Design method	Housing	Cherepovets, Russia + Great Lakes Megaregion, North America	Building
48	F	The edible city: envisioning the Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL)	2011	Katrin Bohn and André Viljoen	Design Method	Urban Farming	London	Neighborhood
49	FEW		2017	Shirin Malekpour	Activity	Living lab	Monash University	University Campus
50	FEW	RISE Futako-tamagawa	2010	Tokyu Company	Built	commercial facility	Tokyo	Neighborhood (13.2 ha)
51	FEW	Low foot print		Michiyo Azuma	Activity	Living lab	Yokohama	Community
52	FEW	Urban farm	2015	Pasona Group Inc.	Built	Design	Tokyo	Building
53	FEW	WEF nexus community of practice	2016	Mohtar, Rabi H. and Lawford, Richard	Concept	participation		Community
54	FEW	Water –energy –food (WEF) Nexus Tool 2.0: guiding integrative resource planning and decision-making	2015	Daher, Bassel T. Mohtar, Rabi H.	Built	Evaluation tool	Developed by Texas A&M University and applied in Qatar	National
55	FEW	CAFE stylo	2015	Itoya (Stationary shop, Building owner)	Built	Action	Ginza, Tokyo	Building
56	FE	Solar sharing			Policy	Business	Japan	Farm
57	W	Setagaya Dam by all	Guideline revised 2018.4.1.	Setagaya Ward	Policy	Participation	Tokyo	Property
58	W	Rainwater harvesting	2013	Dana O. Porter, Russell A Persyn, and Valeen A. Silvy	Policy	Participation	New York State	Rooftop
59	W	Sponge city Initiative	2015	China	Policy	Design and action	16 cities in China	Property to city scale
60	EW	Park 2020	2015>		District development	Urban design of commercial district	Hoofdorp, NL	District
61	FW	EVA-Lanxmeer	1994	Ecologisch centrum voor Educatie, Voorlichting & Advies (EVA)	Built	Participation	Culumborg, The Netherlands	Residential neighbourhood
62	FEW	Nieuwe Sanitatie Noorderhoek – Waterschoon	2008	n.a.	Built	Nutrient recovery	Noorderhoe, Sneek, The Netherlands	Residential area, 550 households
63	F	Uit je eigen Stad (locally known as the ‘stadsboerderij’)	2012	Huibert de Leede	Built	Urban farm	Rotterdam , The Netherlands	<1 ha
64	F	Moe’s tuin	2005 -->	Annie de Vreede, Mila Jokhoe & Tilly Kaisiëpo	Built	Social initiative	Poptahof, Delft, The Netherlands	Sharded neighbourhood garden, <1 ha
65	FEW	ReGen villages	2016	ReGen Villages Holding, B.V.	Pilot	Eco-technological design, village/community scale	Almere, The Netherlands	First Masterplan consists of 194 homes. 15,500 m2
66	F	Agrowculture	2012	Agrowculture	Technology	Online Marketplace	New York, USA	City
67	FE	B line urban delivery	2012	B Line Urban Delivery	Technology	Sustainable Urban Delivery	Portland, USA	City
68	F	Kaantopoyta/Turntable urban farm	2012	Dodo	Built	Urban Farm	Helsinki, Finland	<1 ha
69	F	R-urban	2012	R-Urban	Built	Participation	Colombes, France	City
70	F	Sky greens	2012	Jack Ng	Built	Vertical Farm	Singapore	50 ha
71	F	Agriculture education	2015 to present and ongoing	Varies - governmental programs	Policy	Education	USA
72	F	Agrihood	Ongoing	Michigan urban farming initiative	Built	Urban farming	Detroit, USA	3 acres
73	FEW	Tainan Xinhua fruit and vegetable market	Under construction	MVRDV	Under construction/design strategy	Grocery farm	Taiwan
74	F	The risk of “foodwashing” in calls for innovative urban projects		Paula Macé Le Ficher	CRITICISM; THEORY	Challenges to urban farming	Paris
75	FEW	Oakland avenue urban farm	2019	AKOAKI and Oakland Avenue Urban Farm	Project	Urban farming	Detroit, USA	6 acres
76	FEW	FLOATING FARM	2019	Beladon	Built	Urban farming	Rotterdam , The Netherlands
77	F	RYERSON URBAN FARM	2013 -->	Ryerson University	Built	Urban farming	Toronto, Canada	1/4 Acre
78	FEW	“As environmental catastrophe unfolds, we need architecture that is more than just green”	2019	Darran Anderson	CRITICISM; THEORY	Theory		Dezeen
79	FEW	AeroFarms	2017	Ed Harwood	BUSINESS VENTURE	Capitalist enterprise
80	EW	OFF GRID BOX	2010 -->	OFF GRID BOX	Energy production/water purification	Integrated tech	Italy, Rwanda, USA
81	F	“Can we grow more food on less land? We’ll have to, a new study finds”	Dec 2018	Brad Plumer	CRITICISM; THEORY	policy summary	NY TIMES
82	F	“Creating a sustainable food future”	2018	World resources institute	POLICY	Food production
83	FEW	Clichy-Batignolles	2015 -->		Built	Eco town planning	Paris
84	FEW	The Aardehuizen	2018		Built	Microgrid	The Netherlands	54 hectares
85	F	IKEA INDOOR GARDENS	2018	IKEA and TOM DIXON	BUSINESS VENTURE	Urban farming	Global
86	W	The Soul of Nørrebro	2019–2022	SLA and Ramboll	Built	Water management	Inner Nørrebro area, Copenhagen
87	W	The raindrop	2019	Studio Bas van der Veer	Built	Water collection
88	F	The Dutch Institute of Food&Design		Marije Vogelzang	Think-tank	Theory
89	FEW				Built	Urban farming	Cuba
90	FEW	“Small-scale urban agriculture results in high yields but requires judicious management of inputs to achieve sustainability”	2018	Robert McDougall et all	CRITICISM; THEORY	Urban farming theory
91	FW	Urban agriculture program	2011 -->		Policy	Urban farming/low means	Antananariv, Madagascar
92	FW	UNCOMMON GROUND RESTAURANT	2001 -->	Peter Moser	Organic rooftop farming	Urban farming	Chicago USA
93	FW	GARY COMER YOUTH CENTER		John Ronan architects		Urban farming	Chicago USA
94	FEW	URBAN FARMERS	2011 -->	Urban farmers	Food energy water kits for sale	Urban farming	Basel, Switzerland
95	FEW	“Sustainable development and the water–energy –food nexus A perspective on livelihoods”	2015	Eloise M. Biggs, et al	CRITICISM; THEORY	FEW theory
96	FEW	“Regulating the water-energy-food nexus: Interdependencies, transaction costs and procedural justice”	2017	Shaun Larcom, Terry van Gevelt	CRITICISM; THEORY	FEW theory
97	FEW	“Resilient by design: the case for increasing resilience of buildings and their linked food-energy-water systems”	2018	Iris Tien	CRITICISM; THEORY	FEW theory
98	FEW	“The water-energy-food nexus: Is the increasing attention warranted, from either a research or policy perspective?”	2016	Dennis Wichelns	CRITICISM; THEORY	FEW theory
99	FEW	Aquas Perma Solar Firma	2018	CplusC Architects	Built	FEW housing	Sydney
100	W	PITCH Kenya	2014	PITCH Africa and John Turnbull	Built	Rainwater harvesting	Kenya
101	FEW	Vertical farm	2017	ilimego	Under construction	Urban farming	France	2060 m2