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Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition

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Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products

Part of the book series: Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation ((ASTI))

Abstract

The palm oil industry has continued to grow in Malaysia and worldwide. It provides job opportunities to at least 3 million people along its beneficiation chain and contributed RM37.7 billion to Malaysia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018. At only 10% oil yield from a palm tree, this growth leads to an excess of palm oil by-products in Malaysia. From mill operations alone, palm oil mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) accounted for up to 80% (wet basis) of the total mill residues. Malaysia produces approximately 53 million cubic meters of POME annually and typical treatment processes using open ponds are inadequate to cope with this amount efficiently. Anaerobic digestion (AD) and aerobic composting (AC) are potential alternative treatment processes suitable for POME treatment while simultaneously producing value-added products such as biogas and compost fertilizer. To further promote sustainability, other by-products can be used as additives in AD and AC to improve the overall process by formulating the ideal feedstock material which helps to provide optimum conditions for the process. However, technical knowledge is required to sustain bacterial activity in both processes otherwise the fermentation processes are easily disrupted resulting in low methane yield and unhealthy compost. This chapter describes the palm oil industry overview from global and Malaysian perspectives. It outlines the processing approach in the mill, type of products and by-products generated in each processing stage and the treatment strategies used. Two commonly used treatment processes; AD and AC are described in detail with the potential of using co-digestion additives to improve the processes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the grant (FRGS 015MA0-093) and HICoE support to CBBR from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HICoE- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Rashid Shamsuddin, Gobind Singh, H. Y. Kok, M. Hakimi Rosli, N. A. Dawi Cahyono, Man Kee Lam & Jun Wei Lim

  2. Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Jun Wei Lim

  3. Ligar LP, Ruakura Research Campus, Bisley Road, Hamilton, 3214, New Zealand

    Aaron Low

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  1. Rashid Shamsuddin
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  2. Gobind Singh
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  3. H. Y. Kok
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  4. M. Hakimi Rosli
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  5. N. A. Dawi Cahyono
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  6. Man Kee Lam
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  7. Jun Wei Lim
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  8. Aaron Low
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Correspondence to Rashid Shamsuddin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Inamuddin

  2. Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Anish Khan

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Shamsuddin, R. et al. (2021). Palm Oil Industry—Processes, By-Product Treatment and Value Addition. In: Inamuddin, Khan, A. (eds) Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_8

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