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The Unione Matematica Italiana and Its Bollettino, 1922–1928. National and International Aspects

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Mathematical Communities in the Reconstruction After the Great War 1918–1928

Part of the book series: Trends in the History of Science ((TRENDSHISTORYSCIENCE))

Abstract

The Unione Matematica Italiana (Italian Mathematical Union, UMI) was created according to a motion approved in Brussels in July 1919 by the International Research Council, which promoted the creation of national scientific committees. The recent reorganization of the UMI Archive has made significant documents available to science historians. By using some of these unpublished letters and documents, we focus on the following issues: (i) The foundation and early years of the UMI and its journal, the Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana (BUMI); (ii) The international models for the new society, in particular the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung, the Société mathématique de France and the American Mathematical Society; (iii) The impact of national and international events on the UMI, including the International Congresses of Mathematicians (ICM).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See the website of the UMI: https://umi.dm.unibo.it/comitati/archivio-storico-dellumi/; on Italian science archives see http://www.archividellascienza.org/en/.

  2. 2.

    For more on the laws that transformed the legal regime of the Kingdom of Italy into a fascist state, see Gentile (2012).

  3. 3.

    For more detail regarding the early period of the fascist regime, see De Felice (1966).

  4. 4.

    See Giacardi and Tazzioli (2018), Giacardi and Tazzioli (2019).

  5. 5.

    The essential stages of the fascist regime are summarized in Gentile (2004; 34–45); see also Gentile (2005), Lupo (2013).

  6. 6.

    See Gentile (1993).

  7. 7.

    In 1921 the government founded the Fascist University Groups (Gruppi Universitari Fascisti, GUF), which complemented the fascist youth sections of the PNF; in 1922 the Balilla groups, which, together with the schools, aimed to educate fascist youth both physically and morally; and in 1926 the youth organization Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), which brought the different activities (at compulsory school and university) together under a single heading—significantly, in 1929 control of the ONB was assumed by the ministry of national education.

  8. 8.

    For more on the relationship between Italian mathematicians and the fascist regime, see Israel and Nastasi (1998), Nastasi (1998), Guerraggio and Nastasi (2005).

  9. 9.

    See Turi (2002b); for more on Giovanni Gentile specifically, see Turi (1995).

  10. 10.

    For more on this subject, see Prévost (2009).

  11. 11.

    For more on Vito Volterra and his political and institutional activity, see Guerraggio and Paoloni (2013), Capristo (2015).

  12. 12.

    For more on the foundation of the CNR and its first years, see Simili and Paoloni (2001), Simili (2001).

  13. 13.

    For example, the Accademia dei Lincei, of which Volterra became president in 1923, financed the International Mathematical Union membership fees for 1922–1923. See ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, Bologna, March 22, 1922, March 31, 1922, June 17, 1922. See also CNR’s financial support in BUMI 4, 1925, p. 45, 5, 1926, p. 46.

  14. 14.

    They were Denmark, Spain, Monaco, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, and Finland. For more on the history of the International Research Council, see Greenway (1996).

  15. 15.

    For more on the history of the IMU and the International Congresses of Mathematicians, see Lehto (1998), Curbera (2009).

  16. 16.

    More specifically, the Assembly elected Camille Jordan (France), Horace Lamb (U.K.), Picard, and Volterra as Honorary Presidents; Charles de la Vallée Poussin (Belgium) as President; Paul Appell (France), Luigi Bianchi (Italy), Leonard Eugene Dickson (USA), Joseph Larmor (U.K.), and William Henry Young (U.K.) as Vice-Presidents; Gabriel Koenigs (France) as General Secretary; and Alphonse Demoulin (Belgium) as Treasurer.

  17. 17.

    See Rapporto preliminare sulla terza conferenza del Consiglio Internazionale di ricerche tenuta a Bruxelles dal 18 al 28 luglio 1919, Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconti. Cl. Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, s. 5, 28, 1919, p. 437.

  18. 18.

    See Guerraggio et al. (2016), Jaëck et al. (2019).

  19. 19.

    See the numerous letters that Pincherle addressed to Volterra contained in the Volterra Archive of the Accademia dei Lincei, ANLV. A study on the attitude of Italian mathematicians, and in particular that of Volterra, facing the First World War and their commitment to the conflict can be found in Mazliak and Tazzioli (2015); see also Tazzioli (2013).

  20. 20.

    ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, Bologna, March 21, 1921.

  21. 21.

    ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, Bologna, March 31, 1922. The original Italian text is “Per quanto avrei desiderato che il tuo nome venisse ricordato nella circolare, ho tolto quelle parole che vi si riferivano, per accondiscendere al tuo espresso desiderio. […] Ti prego pure di fare nota la costituzione dell’Unione negli ambienti di persone colte, anche se non matematici puri; come ingegneri, attuari, ecc. è molto desiderabile l’avere un numero rilevante di adesioni, e bei nomi: sarebbe doloroso di fare un fiasco”.

  22. 22.

    BUMI, Numero specimen, p. 2. See also ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, Bologna, May 3, 1922.

  23. 23.

    Ibidem 1922, p. 7.

  24. 24.

    For more on the debate, see Nastasi and Tazzioli (2013), especially Sect. 4.2.2.

  25. 25.

    See Bongiorno and Curbera (2018), Brigaglia and Masotto (1982).

  26. 26.

    A note in BUMI 4, 1925, p. 44 mentions the difficulties that the UMI experienced in its early years. See Giacardi (2016; 48–52).

  27. 27.

    See AS-UMI: letter from G. Vivanti to S. Pincherle, Pavia, May 8, 1922. Rumpfkongress is a play on Rumpfparlament, which met in Stuttgart in 1849. This was what remained of the Frankfurt parliament, which failed to gain legitimacy in the events of 1848–49. The reference is to English history—Rump Parliament is the part of the Long Parliament that remained after the purge of 1648 until it was disbanded by Cromwell in 1653.

  28. 28.

    AS-UMI: R. Marcolongo to S. Pincherle, Naples, April 15, 1922, M. Cipolla to S. Pincherle, Catania, April 20, 1922, L. Bianchi to S. Pincherle, Pisa, May 16, 1922.

  29. 29.

    BUMI, Numero specimen, 1922, pp. 1–6.

  30. 30.

    Salvatore Pincherle president, Pietro Burgatti vice-president, Ettore Bortolotti secretary, and Leonida Tonelli treasurer; see BUMI 2, 1923, p. 40.

  31. 31.

    Enrico Bompiani, Orso Mario Corbino, Umberto Crudeli, Giorgio Giorgi, Enrico Rufini, Guido Toja, Francesco Tricomi, and Vito Volterra. See BUMI, Numero specimen, 1922, pp. 9–10.

  32. 32.

    ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, May 3, 1922.

  33. 33.

    See Giacardi (2006; 54–63, 377–379).

  34. 34.

    Statuto della Unione Matematica Italiana, Art. 2b, BUMI 1, 1922, pp. 102–104.

  35. 35.

    BUMI 1925, pp. 235–236.

  36. 36.

    Ibidem, Art. 2e, BUMI 1, 1922, pp. 102–104.

  37. 37.

    The SIPS was founded in 1839 and reorganized in 1906 by Volterra, who became president of the society. Pincherle was a member of the organizing committee of the SIPS congress held in Bologna in 1927.

  38. 38.

    See Paoloni (1990), especially Chap. 6; Goodstein (2007), especially Chap. 14; Mazliak and Tazzioli (2009).

  39. 39.

    See the letters by Evans to Volterra in ANLV. See also Mazliak and Tazzioli (2009), Chap. 7.

  40. 40.

    See Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker Vereinigung, 29, 1920, p. 42, where it is reported: “Volterra-Rom ist aus der Vereinungung ausgetreten.”

  41. 41.

    BUMI 1 1922, p. 102.

  42. 42.

    See Gispert (2015). The SMF was created in 1872, and the first issue of its journal, the Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France (BSMF), is dated 1872–1873. Initially 60% of its members were former students of the École Polytechnique, and the other half secondary school teachers, while only 10% were university teachers.

  43. 43.

    See Schappacher and Kneser (1990). The DMV was founded in 1890, and published the first issue of its journal, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (JDMV), in 1891. The members of the DMV came from different milieus—almost half of the members were university professors, but there were also astronomers, physicists, geologists, and secondary school teachers. For a comparison between SMF and DMV, see Gispert and Tobies (1996).

  44. 44.

    See Parshall (2015, 2017). The New York Mathematical Society (NYMS) was founded in 1888 and became “American” (AMS) in 1894. The first issue of the NYMS journal came out in 1891 under the title Bulletin of the New York Mathematical Society (BNYMS). The society focused on research; see Art. II of its Statute, BNYMS, 1891, p. 15.

  45. 45.

    BUMI 1923, p. 40.

  46. 46.

    In 1941 the proportion of foreign members in the UMI did not exceed 4%. On mathematics and fascism, see Guerraggio and Nastasi (2005).

  47. 47.

    AS-UMI, Pincherle to Castelnuovo, April 20, 1922.

  48. 48.

    ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, May 3, 1922.

  49. 49.

    L’Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens was a journal founded in 1894 by Émile Lemoine, and its second series began in 1922.

  50. 50.

    AS-UMI, Pincherle to Castelnuovo, April 20, 1922.

  51. 51.

    AS-UMI Pincherle, Circolare, 15 February 1925. See also BUMI 4, 1925, 1, p. 41.

  52. 52.

    See BUMI 4, 1925, pp. 77–85; 125–131; 216–229; BUMI 5, 1926, pp. 28–37; pp. 147–152; 233–242; BUMI 6, 1927, pp. 155–163. In this column the translation of the commemoration of Corrado Segre by H. F. Baker also appears: BUMI 6, 1927, pp. 276–284.

  53. 53.

    Between 1922 and 1928 only 12 notes by foreign mathematicians appeared.

  54. 54.

    We have classified the various papers according to the Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik.

  55. 55.

    ANLV, S. Pincherle to V. Volterra, August 28, 1919. The original Italian text is: “Se il momento presente richiede che si pensi di più all’applicazione, non si deve perdere di vista la teoria pura […] e se questo non è tenuto nel dovuto conto, è facile che cada nell’empirismo!”

  56. 56.

    Indeed, in 1974 the Notiziario, which only contained information and news about the Italian mathematical community, appeared separately from the BUMI.

  57. 57.

    AS-UMI, Reinaldo Vanossi (secretary of the Sociedad Cientifica Argentina) to S. Pincherle, Buenos Aires, December 30, 1923. The BUMI was also notified of more and more publications by Italian and foreign mathematicians. “Because of the large amount of material, we must refer to a later issue for the list of publications we received.” (BUMI, 3, 1924, p. 240).

  58. 58.

    AS-UMI, S. Bays (secretary of the Société Mathématique Suisse) to E. Bortolotti, s.d, Societé Mathématique Suisse. Réunion de Lugano, le 22 Avril 1924, see also BUMI, 3, 1924, p. 141.

  59. 59.

    AS-UMI, J. C. Fields to E. Bortolotti, London, July 2, 1924.

  60. 60.

    AS-UMI J. C. Fields to E. Bortolotti, London, July 17, 1924.

  61. 61.

    See, e.g., AS-UMI, C. Gini to E. Bortolotti, Padua, July 2, 1924, G. Peano to E. Bortolotti, July 8, 1924, J. C. Fields to E. Bortolotti, London, July 17, 1924.

  62. 62.

    See AS-UMI, A. Casati (minister of Public Education) to Pincherle, Rome July 19, 1924: O. Pomini to E. Bortolotti, Castellanza July 8, 1924 and BUMI 4 1925, p. 45.

  63. 63.

    AS-UMI, A. Casati to Pincherle, Rome July 19, 1924. The original Italian text is: “Confido che i delegati italiani prescelti sapranno dare efficace opera nello svolgimento dei lavori del Congresso per riaffermare il valore della nostra coltura nazionale e la dignità dei nostri studi […] manifestazione magnifica della genialità d’Italia”.

  64. 64.

    AS-UMI, F. Severi to E. Bortolotti, Rome, June 30, 1924. The original Italian text is: “so che quasi tutti i matematici americani si asterranno (così mi scrive il Lefschetz) perché a Toronto nel 1924 si rinnova lo Strasburgo, che era più scusabile nel 1920”.

  65. 65.

    Proceedings of the International Mathematical Congress held in Toronto, August 11–16, 1924, edited by J. C. Fields, Toronto, 2 vols, The University of Toronto Press, 1928, I, pp. 23–24, 30–47.

  66. 66.

    The Italian mathematicians who presented short notes were: L. Tonelli, G. Fubini, G. Ricci-Curbastro (the note was presented by Severi), Giovanni Giorgi, G. Gianfranceschi, U. Puppini, C. Gini, E. Bortolotti, and G. Peano (BUMI 3, 1924, pp. 182–185).

  67. 67.

    «E’ ben strano che Fields si rivolga a me per queste designazioni mentre dovresti essere tu a farle che sei il capo della delegazione Italiana nelle tue qualità di Presidente dell’Unione Matematica Italiana.» (AS-UMI, Volterra to Pincherle, Roma July 4, 1924). Other details are in AS-UMI, E. Bortolotti to J. C. Fields, Bologna, June 29, 1924; J. C. Fields to E. Bortolotti, London, July 2, 1924; ANLV, Volterra to Pincherle, Rome April 3, 1924; Pincherle to Volterra, Bologna, April 5, 1924.

  68. 68.

    AS-UMI, A. Casati to S. Pincherle, Rome July 19, 1924. Casati provided 20,000 lire to support participation in the Congress.

  69. 69.

    See in particular AS-UMI, E. Bortolotti to J. C. Fields, Bologna June 29, 1924.

  70. 70.

    See Rasmussen (2007; 6), Schroeder-Gudehus (1978).

  71. 71.

    Quotation from a letter by Edwin Bidwell Wilson to Picard dated December 19, 1924 in Siegmund-Schultze (2011; 157–158).

  72. 72.

    For more on Fields’ difficult position at the Toronto ICM and his personal relationship with Pincherle, see McKinnon Riehm and Hoffman (2011), especially Chap. 10.

  73. 73.

    Pincherle, as the IMU president, consulted the members of the Board about where to hold the next ICM; see Pincherle to Volterra, Montese, August 12, 1926 (ANLV); Mittag-Leffler to Pincherle, s.d. [June 1926], s.d. [July 1926], Pincherle to Mittag-Leffler (draft), Bologna, July 20, 1926 (AS-UMI); Pincherle to Mittag-Leffler, June 15, 1926 Mittag-Leffler Archives (MLA).

  74. 74.

    At the 1912 Cambridge ICM the assembly decided to hold the next ICM in Stockholm; however, the First World War broke out and abruptly put an end to international congresses. For more on Mittag-Leffler and his journal, see Turner (2011).

  75. 75.

    “J’espère que vous voyez que mon point de vue principal reste toujours le même. J’accepte pour ma part avec joie et reconnaissance qu’un congrès a lieu à Bologne, mais je trouve que la situation du monde est tel qu’il faut se dépêcher. Si nous agissions vite les mathématiques et les mathématiciens auront une grande et heureuse influence sur l’avenir des sciences.” AS-UMI and MLA G. Mittag-Leffler to Pincherle, Bologne July 1926.

  76. 76.

    ANLV, S. Pincherle to V. Volterra, September 1, 1925.

  77. 77.

    AS-UMI, G. Koenigs to S. Pincherle, Paris, May 29, 1928.

  78. 78.

    AS-UMI, E. Bortolotti to H. Fehr, June 10, 1928. On this letter, see https://images.math.cnrs.fr/Du-cote-des-lettres-Autour-du-Congres-International-des-Mathematiciens-de.html?lang=fr

  79. 79.

    AS-UMI, L. Bieberbach to E. Bortolotti, Berlin-Schmargendorf, February 14, 1928.

  80. 80.

    AS-UMI, L. Bieberbach to E. Bortolotti, s.l. s.d.

  81. 81.

    Ibidem.

  82. 82.

    AS-UMI, L. Bieberbach to S. Pincherle, July 14, 1928.

  83. 83.

    See van Dalen (2013; 541–552) for an accurate reconstruction of the events involving Brouwer, Bieberbach, and Hilbert at the Bologna Congress. Brouwer concluded his document as follows: “Angesichts dieser Worte möge jeder Mathematiker für sich erwägen, inwiefern Teilnahme am geplanten Kongress ohne Verhöhnung des Andenkens von Gauss und Riemann des kulturellen Charakters der mathematischen Wissenschaft und der Unabhängigkeit des menschlichen Geistes möglich ist.” (Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, Bologna 1928, I, Bologna 1929, p. 10) For more detail about Brouwer see van Dalen (2005).

  84. 84.

    See van Dalen (2013; 543) and AS-UMI, E. Bortolotti to Bieberbach, Verona, July 7, 1928.

  85. 85.

    For instance, Alwin Walther wrote to Pincherle: “Bei der Besprechung der offiziellen Einladung an die technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Vertreter zum Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongress in Bologna zu entsenden, sind von meinen Kollegen Zweifel daran geäussert worden, ob der Kongress tatsächlich von der “Union mathématique international” losgelöst sei.” See AS-UMI, Letter by A. Walther to S. Pincherle, Darmstadt, July 4, 1928.

  86. 86.

    AS-UMI, G. Koenigs to S. Pincherle, Paris, May 29, 1928. The original French text is: “Ce manquement grave rend illégales toutes ces convocations.”

  87. 87.

    AS-UMI, S. Pincherle to L. Brouwer, Bologna, June 20, 1928. The original French text is: “J’ai reçu votre lettre du 13 courant, et j’ai lu avec étonnement que notre circulaire vous a causé une déception. L’Union n’y est pas nommée; l’assemblée des participants у est investie d’une fonction capital: que voulait-on de plus? S’il у est fait allusion à une circulaire précédente, le contraire n’était pas possible; “on est toujours le fils de quelqu’un”, et le Congrès ne pouvait échapper à cette loi; l’allusion se rapportant à un fait qu’il n’est pas possible de nier.

    Malheureusement, la ligne de conduite du Comité Italien […] a été méconnue tant d’un côté que de l’autre; tant par les partisans de l’Union que par ses adversaires. Les premiers se sont plaints que les invitations aient été faites sans leur contrôle; les autres voudraient une attitude de bataille qui amènerait difficilement à la conciliation que tous montrent de désirer”.

  88. 88.

    AS-UMI, S. Pincherle to E. Bortolotti, Montese, August 13, 1927.

  89. 89.

    See Siegmund-Schultze (2016). Ultimately Hilbert did not deliver his speech.

  90. 90.

    AS-UMI, A. Walther to S. Pincherle, Darmstadt, July 4, 1928; R. Furch to S. Pincherle, Lustnau bei Tubingen, August 23, 1928.

  91. 91.

    Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, Bologna 1928, I, Bologna, 1929, p. 113.

  92. 92.

    L. Amoroso, D. Birkhoff, E. Borel, G. Castelnuovo, M. Frechet, J. Hadamard, D. Hilbert, Th. Kármán, N. Luzin, U. Puppini, L. Tonelli, O. Veblen, V. Volterra, and H. Weyl. Borel did not participate in the congress, but his lecture was presented by Cartan (Capristo 2016; 298).

  93. 93.

    R. Marcolongo and W. Young talked about the history of mathematics and general issues about the mathematical method, respectively.

  94. 94.

    F. P. Cantelli, G. Darmois, B. de Finetti, R. A. Fisher, B. Hostinský, G. Pólya, and E. Slutsky.

  95. 95.

    Delegates from 13 out of 19 countries were present, see Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, Bologna 1928, I, Bologna, 1929, p. 83.

  96. 96.

    L’Enseignement Mathématique, 27, 1928, pp. 194–202; 28, 1929, pp. 28–53.

  97. 97.

    Popular Astronomy Magazine 36, 1928, pp. 529–532.

  98. 98.

    BAMS 1929, pp. 201–204.

  99. 99.

    The Mathematical Gazette, 13, 1927, p. 341.

  100. 100.

    International Congress of Mathematics at Bologna, Nature, No. 3074, 122, 1928, pp. 494–495, on p. 495.

  101. 101.

    In Forschungen und Forthschritte. Nachrichtenblatt der deutschen Wissenschaft und Technik, 6 N.28, 1930, p. 356.

  102. 102.

    Van Dalen (2011; 334–338).

  103. 103.

    See, for example, ANLV, Pincherle to Volterra, October 6, 1921, March 22, 1922, March 31, 1922, May 3, 1922, June 17, 1922, July 29, 1922, April 5, 1924, August 18, 1926; AS-UMI, Volterra to Pincherle, March 28, 1922.

  104. 104.

    See footnote 13.

  105. 105.

    See Atti della Società Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, Bologna -30 ottobre-5 novembre 1926, Roma, SIPS, 1927, p. XIV.

  106. 106.

    Ibidem, pp. 29–31.

  107. 107.

    AS-UMI, Appunti della Seduta del Comitato ordinatore del Congresso, January 21, 1927.

  108. 108.

    AS-UMI, Promemoria, s.l. s.d. The original Italian text is: “Tutte queste quistioni […] saranno anche studiate nei riguardi della tecnica industriale.”

  109. 109.

    Section IV. Actuarial sciences (two Subsections): IV-A. Probability theory. - Mathematical statistics. - Error theory. - Means and interpolation. IV-B. Mathematical economics and actuarial science. Section V. Engineering: Hydraulics. - Aerodynamics. - Construction engineering - Cartography. - Industrial applications.

  110. 110.

    “Il prof Tonelli avrebbe preferito che la nomina del Comitato d’onore fosse stata deferita ad un corpo tecnico quale il comitato ordinatore, о la Commissione esecutiva. Il prof Pincherle, presidente, osserva che in tale materia era necessario l’aver ricorso alla autorità politica, per evitare facili critiche […]” (AS-UMI, Verbale della seduta della commissione esecutiva del comitato ordinatore dated January 29, 1928).

  111. 111.

    The national government and the Ministry of Public Education provided 200,000 lire (approximately 180,000 in today’s euros). The municipality, the province, and the University of Bologna donated a total of 125,000 lire. See Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, Bologna 1928, I, Bologna, 1929, pp. 18–19.

  112. 112.

    BUMI 1929, 2, p. 115.

  113. 113.

    E. Bortolotti, Conclusioni, BUMI VII, 1028, pp. 282–284, at p. 283.

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Acknowledgements

L. Giacardi and R. Tazzioli thank the ANR CIRMATH and the Trento CIRM for supporting their research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Matematica “Giuseppe Peano”, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy

    Livia Giacardi

  2. Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8524 - Laboratoire Paul Painlevé, Lille, France

    Rossana Tazzioli

Authors
  1. Livia Giacardi
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  2. Rossana Tazzioli
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Correspondence to Rossana Tazzioli .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sorbonne Université, LPSM, CNRS, UMR 8001, Paris, France

    Laurent Mazliak

  2. Université de Lille CNRS, UMR 8524, Laboratoire Paul Painlevé, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Rossana Tazzioli

Archival Sources

Archival Sources

  • ANLV—Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Archivio Volterra, Roma, Italy

  • AS-UMI—Archivio Storico della Unione Matematica Italiana, Bologna, Italy

  • MLA—Mittag-Leffler Archives, Djursholm, Sweden.

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Giacardi, L., Tazzioli, R. (2021). The Unione Matematica Italiana and Its Bollettino, 1922–1928. National and International Aspects. In: Mazliak, L., Tazzioli, R. (eds) Mathematical Communities in the Reconstruction After the Great War 1918–1928. Trends in the History of Science. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61683-0_2

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